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without giving any reasons

  • 1 without giving any reasons / explanation

    English-German idiom dictionary > without giving any reasons / explanation

  • 2 any

    English-German idiom dictionary > any

  • 3 Angabe

    f
    1. (Aussage) statement; (Auskunft) information; (Beschreibung) description; (Nennung) giving; Pl. information Sg., data; WIRTS. specifications; bewusst falsche Angabe misrepresentation; genauere ( oder nähere) Angaben particulars, details; zweckdienliche Angaben relevant information ( oder details); Angaben zur Person personal data, particulars; Angabe des Inhalts declaration of contents; ohne Angabe von Gründen without giving any reasons; ohne Angabe des Absenders without a return address, with no return address; keine Angaben über den oder zum Tathergang machen können not be able to give any details about the (course oder sequence of) events
    2. SPORT: (Aufschlag) service
    3. umg. showing-off, bragging; das ist doch alles Angabe that’s all just a lot of hot air
    * * *
    die Angabe
    declaration; data; information; proclamation; description; statement
    * * *
    An|ga|be ['angaː-]
    f
    1) usu pl (= Aussage) statement; (= Anweisung) instruction; (= Zahl, Detail) detail

    machento give details about sth

    Angaben zur Person (form)personal details or particulars

    2) (= Nennung) giving

    wir bitten um Angabe der Einzelheiten/Preise — please give or quote details/prices

    er ist ohne Angabe seiner neuen Adresse verzogenhe moved without informing anyone of his new address or without telling anyone his new address

    3) no pl inf = Prahlerei) showing off; (esp durch Reden) bragging, boasting
    4) (SPORT = Aufschlag) service, serve

    wer hat Angabe? — whose service or serve is it?, whose turn is it to serve?

    * * *
    An·ga·be
    <-, -n>
    f
    1. meist pl (Mitteilung) details pl, statement
    es gibt bisher keine genaueren \Angaben there are no further details to date
    wie ich Ihren \Angaben entnehme from what you've told me
    \Angaben [über etw akk/zu etw dat] machen to give details about sth
    machen Sie bitte nähere \Angaben! please give us further [or more precise] details!
    laut \Angaben einer Person gen according to sb
    nach \Angaben einer Person gen according to sb, by sb's account
    wir bitten um \Angabe der Einzelheiten please provide us with the details
    er verweigerte die \Angabe seiner Personalien he refused to give his personal details [or particulars]
    \Angaben zur Person (geh) personal details, particulars
    \Angabe von Referenzen request for credentials
    2. kein pl (fam: Prahlerei) boasting, bragging, showing-off
    3. SPORT (Aufschlag) service, serve
    \Angabe von Ankaufs- und Verkaufskurs double-barrelled quotation
    * * *
    1) (das Mitteilen) giving

    ohne Angabe von Gründen — without giving [any] reasons

    2) (Information) piece of information

    Angabeninformation sing.

    3) (Anweisung) instruction
    4) o. Pl. (Prahlerei) boasting; bragging; (angeberisches Benehmen) showing-off
    5) (Ballspiele) service; serve

    [eine] Angabe machen — serve

    ich habe [die] Angabe — it's my serve

    * * *
    1. (Aussage) statement; (Auskunft) information; (Beschreibung) description; (Nennung) giving; pl information sg, data; WIRTSCH specifications;
    falsche Angabe misrepresentation;
    Angaben particulars, details;
    zweckdienliche Angaben relevant information ( oder details);
    Angaben zur Person personal data, particulars;
    Angabe des Inhalts declaration of contents;
    ohne Angabe von Gründen without giving any reasons;
    ohne Angabe des Absenders without a return address, with no return address;
    zum Tathergang machen können not be able to give any details about the (course oder sequence of) events
    2. SPORT: (Aufschlag) service
    3. umg showing-off, bragging;
    das ist doch alles Angabe that’s all just a lot of hot air
    * * *
    1) (das Mitteilen) giving

    ohne Angabe von Gründen — without giving [any] reasons

    2) (Information) piece of information

    Angabeninformation sing.

    3) (Anweisung) instruction
    4) o. Pl. (Prahlerei) boasting; bragging; (angeberisches Benehmen) showing-off
    5) (Ballspiele) service; serve

    [eine] Angabe machen — serve

    ich habe [die] Angabe — it's my serve

    * * *
    -n f.
    announcement n.
    declaration n.
    indication n.
    specification n.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Angabe

  • 4 Begründung

    f
    1. (Motivierung) reason(s Pl.); (Erklärung) explanation; (Argument) argument; (Rechtfertigung) justification; mit der Begründung, dass on the grounds that; (etw. tun) ohne jede Begründung (do s.th.) without giving any reasons ( oder explanation); als oder zur Begründung (+ Gen oder für) by way of explanation, as an explanation ( oder justification) of ( oder for)
    2. (Gründung) founding, establishment; von Geschäft etc.: setting up
    * * *
    die Begründung
    reason; substantiation
    * * *
    Be|grụ̈n|dung
    f
    1) reason (
    für, +gen for), grounds pl ( für, +gen for); (von Anklage, Behauptung etc) grounds pl (+gen for)

    etwas zur or als Begründung sagento say something in explanation

    2) (= Gründung) establishment; (von Schule, Verein, Geschäft auch) foundation; (von Hausstand) setting up
    * * *
    Be·grün·dung
    <-, -en>
    f
    1. (Angabe von Gründen) reason, grounds pl
    eine \Begründung für etw akk angeben/finden/haben to give/find/have a reason for sth
    als [o zur] \Begründung einer S. gen as the reason for sth
    2. JUR grounds pl, reasons pl, [statement of] reasons [or grounds]; von Klage grounds of a charge BRIT, written pleadings pl AM
    3. (geh) establishment, foundation
    die \Begründung eines eigenen Hausstandes setting up house on one's own
    * * *
    die; Begründung, Begründungen
    1) reason[s pl.]

    mit der Begründung, dass... — on the grounds that...

    seine Begründung war... — the reason/reasons he gave was/were...

    2) (Gründung) founding; establishment; (eines Hausstands) setting up
    * * *
    1. (Motivierung) reason(s pl); (Erklärung) explanation; (Argument) argument; (Rechtfertigung) justification;
    mit der Begründung, dass on the grounds that;
    (etwas tun) ohne jede Begründung (do sth) without giving any reasons ( oder explanation);
    zur Begründung (+gen oder
    für) by way of explanation, as an explanation ( oder justification) of ( oder for)
    2. (Gründung) founding, establishment; von Geschäft etc: setting up
    * * *
    die; Begründung, Begründungen
    1) reason[s pl.]

    mit der Begründung, dass... — on the grounds that...

    seine Begründung war... — the reason/reasons he gave was/were...

    2) (Gründung) founding; establishment; (eines Hausstands) setting up
    * * *
    f.
    explanation n.
    substantiation n.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Begründung

  • 5 Grund

    m; -(e)s, Gründe
    1. nur Sg.; (Boden) ground; (Grundbesitz) land, property; (Bauplatz) plot, Am. lot; Grund und Boden land, property
    2. nur Sg.; von Gewässern, Gefäßen etc.: bottom; lit. eines Tales: floor; auf Grund geraten oder laufen run aground; in den Grund bohren geh. send to the bottom; den Grund unter den Füßen verlieren auch fig. get out of one’s depth; ich habe keinen Grund mehr I can’t touch the bottom, I’m out of my depth; ein Glas bis auf den Grund leeren geh. drain a glass (to the dregs)
    3. nur Sg.; ARCHIT. (Fundament) foundations Pl.
    4. nur Sg.; (Hintergrund) background; (Grundierung) priming (coat); grün auf gelbem Grund green on a yellow ground
    5. nur Sg.; fig.: den Grund legen für oder zu lay the foundations of ( oder for); einer Sache auf den Grund gehen get to the bottom of s.th.; im Grunde seines Herzens at (the bottom of his) heart; von Grund aus oder auf completely,... through and through; im Grunde ( genommen) basically, (eigentlich) really; in Grund und Boden reden, spielen: into the ground; verdammen: outright; blamieren: utterly; schießen, stampfen: to pieces; ich habe mich in Grund und Boden geschämt I wished the earth would open up and swallow me
    6. (Vernunftgrund) reason (zu + Inf. to + Inf., for + Ger.); (Ursache, Anlass) auch cause ( für of); (Beweggrund) motive; (Argument) argument; Gründe für und wider arguments for and against, the pros and cons; Gründe anführen state one’s case ( für for); aus gesundheitlichen / familiären Gründen for health / family reasons; aus diesem Grund that’s ( oder that was) why, for this reason; aus welchem Grund? why?; aus dem einfachen Grund, weil oder dass... for the simple reason that...; mit ( gutem) Grund with good reason; ohne jeden Grund for no apparent reason; nicht ohne Grund not without reason; ein Grund mehr zu (+ Inf.) all the more reason to (+ Inf.) ich habe meine Gründe dafür I have my reasons; es hat schon seine Gründe he knows etc. what he’s etc. doing; ( allen oder jeden) / keinen Grund haben zu (+ Inf.) have (every) / no reason ( oder cause) to (+ Inf.) es besteht (kein / nicht der geringste) Grund zu der Annahme, dass... there is (no / not the slightest) reason to suppose that...; kein Grund zur Besorgnis no need to get worried, there’s no cause for concern
    7. auf Grund, zu Grunde aufgrund, zugrunde
    * * *
    der Grund
    (Bodenebene) bottom;
    (Erdboden) ground;
    (Ursache) cause; reason
    * * *
    Grụnd [grʊnt]
    m -(e)s, ordm;e
    1) ['grʏndə]
    no pl (= Erdboden) ground; (old, dial = Erdreich) soil, ground

    in Grund und Boden (fig, sich blamieren, schämen) — utterly; verdammen outright

    jdn in Grund und Boden redennot to leave sb a leg to stand on, to shoot sb's arguments to pieces

    bis auf den Grund zerstören/abtragen — to raze to the ground

    2) (Aus) (= Bauplatz) (building) plot; (= Grundstück) grounds pl, land no indef art, no pl
    3) no pl (ESP ART) ground; (HER) field
    4) no pl (von Gefäßen, Becken etc) bottom; (= Meeresgrund) (sea)bed; (liter = Talgrund) bottom of the/a valley

    Grund suchen (im Wasser)to look for a foothold, to try to find the bottom

    das Glas/den Becher bis auf den Grund leeren — to drain the glass/tumbler

    5) no pl lit, fig = Fundament) foundation(s pl); (= das Innerste) depths pl

    von Grund auf or aus — entirely, completely

    von Grund auf neu gebaut/geplant — rebuilt/re-planned from scratch

    im Grunde ( genommen) — basically, fundamentally

    6) (= Ursache, Veranlassung, Ausrede) reason; (= Beweggrund) grounds pl, reason

    aus gesundheitlichen etc Gründen — for health etc reasons, on health etc grounds

    aus dem einfachen Grunde, dass... — for the simple reason that...

    auf Grund or aufgrund von Zeugenaussagenon the basis or strength of the witnesses' testimonies

    auf Grund or aufgrund einer Verwechslung/seiner Eifersucht — owing to or because of a mistake/his jealousy

    ich habe Grund zu der Annahme, dass... — I have reason to believe or grounds for believing that...

    Gründe und Gegengründe — pros and cons, arguments for and against

    du hast keinen Grund zum Klagenyou have no cause to complain or for complaint

    jdm Grund (zu etw) gebento give sb good reason or cause (for sth)

    jdm allen Grund geben, etw zu glauben — to give sb every reason to believe etc sth

    aus guten Gründen, mit gutem Grund — with good reason

    See:
    = zugrunde
    * * *
    der
    1) (a reason for an action; a motive: You had no cause to treat your wife so badly.) cause
    2) (to be the cause of (usually something bad): Who's at the bottom of these rumours?) be at the bottom of
    3) (good reasons: Have you any grounds for calling him a liar?) grounds
    4) (a reason: There is no need for panic.) need
    5) (something which makes something happen, describes why it happened, should happen or is going to happen etc: What is the reason for this noise?; What is your reason for going to London?; The reason (why) I am going is that I want to.) reason
    * * *
    <-[e]s, Gründe>
    [ˈgrʊnt, pl ˈgrʏndə]
    m
    1. (Ursache, Veranlassung) reason, cause; (Beweggrund, Motiv a.) grounds pl
    jede Naturkatastrophe hat einen \Grund every natural disaster has a cause
    der \Grund für das schlechte Wetter ist ein Tiefdruckgebiet the reason for [or cause of] the bad weather is an area of low pressure
    der \Grund für den Mord war Eifersucht the motive for the murder was jealousy
    eigentlich besteht kein \Grund zur Klage there is no [real] cause for complaint
    du hast keinen \Grund, dich zu beklagen you've no reason to complain
    ich habe meine Gründe dafür I have my reasons for this
    allen [o sehr wohl] \Grund zu etw dat haben to have every [or very good] reason [or good cause] to do sth
    ohne Angabe von Gründen without giving [any] reasons
    Gründe für etw anführen to give reason for sth
    \Grund zu der Annahme haben, dass... to have reason to believe [or grounds for believing] that...
    auf \Grund einer S. gen owing to [or because of] sth
    auf \Grund von Zeugenaussagen on the basis [or strength] of the witnesses' testimonies
    aus diesem \Grund[e]... for this reason...
    aus Gründen der Diplomatie for reasons of diplomacy
    aus dem einfachen \Grund, weil... for the simple reason that...
    aus finanziellen Gründen for financial reasons
    aus gesundheitlichen Gründen for reasons of health, on health grounds
    aus gutem \Grund with good reason
    aus unerfindlichen Gründen for some obscure reason
    aus welchem \Grund[e]...? for what reason...?
    berechtigten/guten/keinen/nicht den geringsten \Grund haben, etw zu tun to have a legitimate/good/no/not the slightest reason for doing sth
    du hast wirklich keinen \Grund, dich ihm gegenüber so ablehnend zu verhalten you have no real cause to be so stand-offish towards him
    jdm \Grund [zu etw dat] geben to give sb reason [or cause] [to do sth]
    ohne [jeden] \Grund without reason
    zwingende Gründe JUR compelling reasons
    2. kein pl (Boden eines Gewässers) bed, bottom
    am \Grunde des Sees on the seabed, at the bottom of the sea
    ich habe keinen \Grund mehr unter den Füßen I can't touch the bottom [or feel the bottom under my feet] any longer
    ein felsiger/steiniger \Grund a rocky/stony bottom
    auf \Grund laufen [o geraten] NAUT to run aground
    ein Schiff auf \Grund setzen NAUT to scuttle a ship
    auf den \Grund sinken to sink to the bottom
    3. kein pl (Gefäßboden) bottom
    sich akk auf dem \Grund des Glases absetzen to settle to the bottom of the glass
    etw bis auf den \Grund auspumpen/austrinken/leeren to pump sth out/drain/empty sth completely
    4. kein pl (Untergrund) background
    ein weißes Kreuz auf rotem \Grund a white cross on a red background
    5. kein pl (Erdoberfläche) ground
    etw bis auf den \Grund abtragen to raze sth to the ground
    6. kein pl (veraltend: Erdreich) soil
    für solche Pflanzen muss der \Grund sehr feucht sein the soil must be very moist for plants like these
    7. bes ÖSTERR (Grundbesitz) land; (Bauplatz) plot [of land]
    \Grund erwerben to acquire land
    den \Grund bewirtschaften to cultivate [or work] the land
    \Grund und Boden land
    8. (veraltend geh: kleines Tal) valley
    9.
    auf \Grund von etw dat [o einer S. gen] on the strength [or basis] of sth
    in \Grund und Boden thoroughly
    du solltest dich in \Grund und Boden schämen! you should be thoroughly [or completely] ashamed of yourself
    jdn in \Grund und Boden reden to shoot sb's arguments to pieces fam
    etw dat auf den \Grund gehen [o kommen] to get to the bottom of sth
    im \Grunde jds Herzens (geh) in one's heart of hearts
    im \Grunde [genommen] basically
    den \Grund zu etw dat legen to lay the foundations pl of [or for] sth
    von \Grund auf [o aus] completely
    * * *
    der; Grund[e]s, Gründe
    2) o. Pl. (eines Gewässers, geh.): (eines Gefäßes) bottom

    im Grunde seines Herzens/seiner Seele — (fig. geh.) at heart or deep down/in his innermost soul

    der Sache (Dat.) auf den Grund gehen/kommen — get to the bottom or root of the matter

    im Grunde [genommen] — basically

    3) (Ursache, Veranlassung) reason; (BewegGrund) grounds pl.; reason

    [k]einen Grund zum Feiern/Klagen haben — have [no] cause for [a] celebration/to complain or for complaint

    aus dem einfachen Grund, weil... — (ugs.) for the simple reason that...

    4)

    Gründe und Gegengründe — pros and cons; arguments for and against

    5) (Land) land
    6)

    auf Grunds. aufgrund

    7)

    zu Grundes. zugrunde

    * * *
    Grund m; -(e)s, Gründe
    1. nur sg; (Boden) ground; (Grundbesitz) land, property; (Bauplatz) plot, US lot;
    Grund und Boden land, property
    2. nur sg; von Gewässern, Gefäßen etc: bottom; liter eines Tales: floor;
    laufen run aground;
    in den Grund bohren geh send to the bottom;
    den Grund unter den Füßen verlieren auch fig get out of one’s depth;
    ich habe keinen Grund mehr I can’t touch the bottom, I’m out of my depth;
    ein Glas bis auf den Grund leeren geh drain a glass (to the dregs)
    3. nur sg; ARCH (Fundament) foundations pl
    4. nur sg; (Hintergrund) background; (Grundierung) priming (coat);
    grün auf gelbem Grund green on a yellow ground
    5. nur sg; fig:
    zu lay the foundations of ( oder for);
    einer Sache auf den Grund gehen get to the bottom of sth;
    im Grunde seines Herzens at (the bottom of his) heart;
    auf completely, … through and through;
    im Grunde (genommen) basically, (eigentlich) really;
    in Grund und Boden reden, spielen: into the ground; verdammen: outright; blamieren: utterly; schießen, stampfen: to pieces;
    ich habe mich in Grund und Boden geschämt I wished the earth would open up and swallow me
    6. (Vernunftgrund) reason (
    zu +inf to +inf, for +ger); (Ursache, Anlass) auch cause (
    für of); (Beweggrund) motive; (Argument) argument;
    Gründe für und wider arguments for and against, the pros and cons;
    Gründe anführen state one’s case (
    für for);
    aus gesundheitlichen/familiären Gründen for health/family reasons;
    aus diesem Grund that’s ( oder that was) why, for this reason;
    aus welchem Grund? why?;
    aus dem einfachen Grund, weil oder
    dass … for the simple reason that …;
    mit (gutem) Grund with good reason;
    ohne jeden Grund for no apparent reason;
    nicht ohne Grund not without reason;
    ein Grund mehr zu (+inf) all the more reason to (+inf)
    ich habe meine Gründe dafür I have my reasons;
    es hat schon seine Gründe he knows etc what he’s etc doing;
    (
    /keinen Grund haben zu (+inf) have (every)/no reason ( oder cause) to (+inf)
    es besteht (kein/nicht der geringste) Grund zu der Annahme, dass … there is (no/not the slightest) reason to suppose that …;
    kein Grund zur Besorgnis no need to get worried, there’s no cause for concern
    7.
    auf Grund, zu Grunde aufgrund, zugrunde
    Grund… im subst (grundlegend) basic …
    * * *
    der; Grund[e]s, Gründe
    2) o. Pl. (eines Gewässers, geh.): (eines Gefäßes) bottom

    im Grunde seines Herzens/seiner Seele — (fig. geh.) at heart or deep down/in his innermost soul

    der Sache (Dat.) auf den Grund gehen/kommen — get to the bottom or root of the matter

    im Grunde [genommen] — basically

    3) (Ursache, Veranlassung) reason; (BewegGrund) grounds pl.; reason

    [k]einen Grund zum Feiern/Klagen haben — have [no] cause for [a] celebration/to complain or for complaint

    aus dem einfachen Grund, weil... — (ugs.) for the simple reason that...

    4)

    Gründe und Gegengründe — pros and cons; arguments for and against

    5) (Land) land
    6)
    7)
    * * *
    ¨-e m.
    base n.
    bottom n.
    cause n.
    causing n.
    ground n.
    master n.
    matter n.
    reason n.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Grund

  • 6 grund

    m; -(e)s, Gründe
    1. nur Sg.; (Boden) ground; (Grundbesitz) land, property; (Bauplatz) plot, Am. lot; Grund und Boden land, property
    2. nur Sg.; von Gewässern, Gefäßen etc.: bottom; lit. eines Tales: floor; auf Grund geraten oder laufen run aground; in den Grund bohren geh. send to the bottom; den Grund unter den Füßen verlieren auch fig. get out of one’s depth; ich habe keinen Grund mehr I can’t touch the bottom, I’m out of my depth; ein Glas bis auf den Grund leeren geh. drain a glass (to the dregs)
    3. nur Sg.; ARCHIT. (Fundament) foundations Pl.
    4. nur Sg.; (Hintergrund) background; (Grundierung) priming (coat); grün auf gelbem Grund green on a yellow ground
    5. nur Sg.; fig.: den Grund legen für oder zu lay the foundations of ( oder for); einer Sache auf den Grund gehen get to the bottom of s.th.; im Grunde seines Herzens at (the bottom of his) heart; von Grund aus oder auf completely,... through and through; im Grunde ( genommen) basically, (eigentlich) really; in Grund und Boden reden, spielen: into the ground; verdammen: outright; blamieren: utterly; schießen, stampfen: to pieces; ich habe mich in Grund und Boden geschämt I wished the earth would open up and swallow me
    6. (Vernunftgrund) reason (zu + Inf. to + Inf., for + Ger.); (Ursache, Anlass) auch cause ( für of); (Beweggrund) motive; (Argument) argument; Gründe für und wider arguments for and against, the pros and cons; Gründe anführen state one’s case ( für for); aus gesundheitlichen / familiären Gründen for health / family reasons; aus diesem Grund that’s ( oder that was) why, for this reason; aus welchem Grund? why?; aus dem einfachen Grund, weil oder dass... for the simple reason that...; mit ( gutem) Grund with good reason; ohne jeden Grund for no apparent reason; nicht ohne Grund not without reason; ein Grund mehr zu (+ Inf.) all the more reason to (+ Inf.) ich habe meine Gründe dafür I have my reasons; es hat schon seine Gründe he knows etc. what he’s etc. doing; ( allen oder jeden) / keinen Grund haben zu (+ Inf.) have (every) / no reason ( oder cause) to (+ Inf.) es besteht (kein / nicht der geringste) Grund zu der Annahme, dass... there is (no / not the slightest) reason to suppose that...; kein Grund zur Besorgnis no need to get worried, there’s no cause for concern
    7. auf Grund, zu Grunde aufgrund, zugrunde
    * * *
    der Grund
    (Bodenebene) bottom;
    (Erdboden) ground;
    (Ursache) cause; reason
    * * *
    Grụnd [grʊnt]
    m -(e)s, ordm;e
    1) ['grʏndə]
    no pl (= Erdboden) ground; (old, dial = Erdreich) soil, ground

    in Grund und Boden (fig, sich blamieren, schämen) — utterly; verdammen outright

    jdn in Grund und Boden redennot to leave sb a leg to stand on, to shoot sb's arguments to pieces

    bis auf den Grund zerstören/abtragen — to raze to the ground

    2) (Aus) (= Bauplatz) (building) plot; (= Grundstück) grounds pl, land no indef art, no pl
    3) no pl (ESP ART) ground; (HER) field
    4) no pl (von Gefäßen, Becken etc) bottom; (= Meeresgrund) (sea)bed; (liter = Talgrund) bottom of the/a valley

    Grund suchen (im Wasser)to look for a foothold, to try to find the bottom

    das Glas/den Becher bis auf den Grund leeren — to drain the glass/tumbler

    5) no pl lit, fig = Fundament) foundation(s pl); (= das Innerste) depths pl

    von Grund auf or aus — entirely, completely

    von Grund auf neu gebaut/geplant — rebuilt/re-planned from scratch

    im Grunde ( genommen) — basically, fundamentally

    6) (= Ursache, Veranlassung, Ausrede) reason; (= Beweggrund) grounds pl, reason

    aus gesundheitlichen etc Gründen — for health etc reasons, on health etc grounds

    aus dem einfachen Grunde, dass... — for the simple reason that...

    auf Grund or aufgrund von Zeugenaussagenon the basis or strength of the witnesses' testimonies

    auf Grund or aufgrund einer Verwechslung/seiner Eifersucht — owing to or because of a mistake/his jealousy

    ich habe Grund zu der Annahme, dass... — I have reason to believe or grounds for believing that...

    Gründe und Gegengründe — pros and cons, arguments for and against

    du hast keinen Grund zum Klagenyou have no cause to complain or for complaint

    jdm Grund (zu etw) gebento give sb good reason or cause (for sth)

    jdm allen Grund geben, etw zu glauben — to give sb every reason to believe etc sth

    aus guten Gründen, mit gutem Grund — with good reason

    See:
    = zugrunde
    * * *
    der
    1) (a reason for an action; a motive: You had no cause to treat your wife so badly.) cause
    2) (to be the cause of (usually something bad): Who's at the bottom of these rumours?) be at the bottom of
    3) (good reasons: Have you any grounds for calling him a liar?) grounds
    4) (a reason: There is no need for panic.) need
    5) (something which makes something happen, describes why it happened, should happen or is going to happen etc: What is the reason for this noise?; What is your reason for going to London?; The reason (why) I am going is that I want to.) reason
    * * *
    <-[e]s, Gründe>
    [ˈgrʊnt, pl ˈgrʏndə]
    m
    1. (Ursache, Veranlassung) reason, cause; (Beweggrund, Motiv a.) grounds pl
    jede Naturkatastrophe hat einen \Grund every natural disaster has a cause
    der \Grund für das schlechte Wetter ist ein Tiefdruckgebiet the reason for [or cause of] the bad weather is an area of low pressure
    der \Grund für den Mord war Eifersucht the motive for the murder was jealousy
    eigentlich besteht kein \Grund zur Klage there is no [real] cause for complaint
    du hast keinen \Grund, dich zu beklagen you've no reason to complain
    ich habe meine Gründe dafür I have my reasons for this
    allen [o sehr wohl] \Grund zu etw dat haben to have every [or very good] reason [or good cause] to do sth
    ohne Angabe von Gründen without giving [any] reasons
    Gründe für etw anführen to give reason for sth
    \Grund zu der Annahme haben, dass... to have reason to believe [or grounds for believing] that...
    auf \Grund einer S. gen owing to [or because of] sth
    auf \Grund von Zeugenaussagen on the basis [or strength] of the witnesses' testimonies
    aus diesem \Grund[e]... for this reason...
    aus Gründen der Diplomatie for reasons of diplomacy
    aus dem einfachen \Grund, weil... for the simple reason that...
    aus finanziellen Gründen for financial reasons
    aus gesundheitlichen Gründen for reasons of health, on health grounds
    aus gutem \Grund with good reason
    aus unerfindlichen Gründen for some obscure reason
    aus welchem \Grund[e]...? for what reason...?
    berechtigten/guten/keinen/nicht den geringsten \Grund haben, etw zu tun to have a legitimate/good/no/not the slightest reason for doing sth
    du hast wirklich keinen \Grund, dich ihm gegenüber so ablehnend zu verhalten you have no real cause to be so stand-offish towards him
    jdm \Grund [zu etw dat] geben to give sb reason [or cause] [to do sth]
    ohne [jeden] \Grund without reason
    zwingende Gründe JUR compelling reasons
    2. kein pl (Boden eines Gewässers) bed, bottom
    am \Grunde des Sees on the seabed, at the bottom of the sea
    ich habe keinen \Grund mehr unter den Füßen I can't touch the bottom [or feel the bottom under my feet] any longer
    ein felsiger/steiniger \Grund a rocky/stony bottom
    auf \Grund laufen [o geraten] NAUT to run aground
    ein Schiff auf \Grund setzen NAUT to scuttle a ship
    auf den \Grund sinken to sink to the bottom
    3. kein pl (Gefäßboden) bottom
    sich akk auf dem \Grund des Glases absetzen to settle to the bottom of the glass
    etw bis auf den \Grund auspumpen/austrinken/leeren to pump sth out/drain/empty sth completely
    4. kein pl (Untergrund) background
    ein weißes Kreuz auf rotem \Grund a white cross on a red background
    5. kein pl (Erdoberfläche) ground
    etw bis auf den \Grund abtragen to raze sth to the ground
    6. kein pl (veraltend: Erdreich) soil
    für solche Pflanzen muss der \Grund sehr feucht sein the soil must be very moist for plants like these
    7. bes ÖSTERR (Grundbesitz) land; (Bauplatz) plot [of land]
    \Grund erwerben to acquire land
    den \Grund bewirtschaften to cultivate [or work] the land
    \Grund und Boden land
    8. (veraltend geh: kleines Tal) valley
    9.
    auf \Grund von etw dat [o einer S. gen] on the strength [or basis] of sth
    in \Grund und Boden thoroughly
    du solltest dich in \Grund und Boden schämen! you should be thoroughly [or completely] ashamed of yourself
    jdn in \Grund und Boden reden to shoot sb's arguments to pieces fam
    etw dat auf den \Grund gehen [o kommen] to get to the bottom of sth
    im \Grunde jds Herzens (geh) in one's heart of hearts
    im \Grunde [genommen] basically
    den \Grund zu etw dat legen to lay the foundations pl of [or for] sth
    von \Grund auf [o aus] completely
    * * *
    der; Grund[e]s, Gründe
    2) o. Pl. (eines Gewässers, geh.): (eines Gefäßes) bottom

    im Grunde seines Herzens/seiner Seele — (fig. geh.) at heart or deep down/in his innermost soul

    der Sache (Dat.) auf den Grund gehen/kommen — get to the bottom or root of the matter

    im Grunde [genommen] — basically

    3) (Ursache, Veranlassung) reason; (BewegGrund) grounds pl.; reason

    [k]einen Grund zum Feiern/Klagen haben — have [no] cause for [a] celebration/to complain or for complaint

    aus dem einfachen Grund, weil... — (ugs.) for the simple reason that...

    4)

    Gründe und Gegengründe — pros and cons; arguments for and against

    5) (Land) land
    6)

    auf Grunds. aufgrund

    7)

    zu Grundes. zugrunde

    * * *
    grund… im adj really …, thoroughly …
    * * *
    der; Grund[e]s, Gründe
    2) o. Pl. (eines Gewässers, geh.): (eines Gefäßes) bottom

    im Grunde seines Herzens/seiner Seele — (fig. geh.) at heart or deep down/in his innermost soul

    der Sache (Dat.) auf den Grund gehen/kommen — get to the bottom or root of the matter

    im Grunde [genommen] — basically

    3) (Ursache, Veranlassung) reason; (BewegGrund) grounds pl.; reason

    [k]einen Grund zum Feiern/Klagen haben — have [no] cause for [a] celebration/to complain or for complaint

    aus dem einfachen Grund, weil... — (ugs.) for the simple reason that...

    4)

    Gründe und Gegengründe — pros and cons; arguments for and against

    5) (Land) land
    6)
    7)
    * * *
    ¨-e m.
    base n.
    bottom n.
    cause n.
    causing n.
    ground n.
    master n.
    matter n.
    reason n.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > grund

  • 7 racja

    -i; -e; gen pl -i; f
    ( słuszność) right; ( powód) reason; ( porcja) ration
    * * *
    f.
    1. (= słuszność) right, correctness; (święta) racja! absolutely right!; mieć rację be right, be right on, be in the right; przyznać komuś rację cede a point to sb, accept sb's argument; udowodnić, że ktoś nie miał racji prove sb wrong.
    2. (= argument) reason, argument; trzymać się swoich racji stick to one's guns.
    3. lit. (= powód) reason; to nie ma racji bytu there's no reason for its existence; racja stanu raison d'état; racja bytu raison d'être; bez dania racji without giving any reasons; nie bez racji not without reason; z jakiej racji? by what right?; z racji czegoś on account of sth.
    4. (= porcja) ration; racje żywnościowe food rations; racje na kilka dni wojsk. compo rations.

    The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > racja

  • 8 без объяснения причин

    1) General subject: without giving reasons, with no reason given (АД), without giving any reason, without assigning any reasons
    2) Business: without giving a reason (контекстуальный перевод на русс. язык)

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > без объяснения причин

  • 9 машинное оборудование

    1. machinery

     

    машинное оборудование
    термин " машинное оборудование" означает:
    - сборочную единицу, состоящую из соединенных частей или компонентов, по крайней мере, одна из которых находится в движении, имеет соответствующие приводы, схему управления, цепь питания, и т.д., соединенные вместе с целью специального применения, в частности, для производства, обработки, перемещения или упаковки материала;
    - группу машин, которые для достижения той же цели организованы и управляется таким образом, что они функционируют как единое целое;
    - взаимозаменяемое оборудование, модифицирующее функции машины, которое отдельно поставляется на рынок и предназначено для установки на машине или на серии различных машин или на приводном устройстве самим оператором, при условии, что данное оборудование не является запасной частью или инструментом.
    [Директива 98/37/ЕЭС по машинному оборудованию]

    EN

    machinery
    ‘machinery’ means:
    — an assembly of linked parts or components, at least one of which moves, with the appropriate
    actuators, control and power circuits, etc., joined together for a specific application, in particular
    for the processing, treatment, moving or packaging of a material,
    — an assembly of machines which, in order to achieve the same end, are arranged and controlled so that they function as an integral whole,
    — interchangeable equipment modifying the function of a machine, which is placed on the market for the purpose of being assembled with a machine or a series of different machines or with a tractor by the operator himself in so far as this equipment is not a spare part or a tool
    [DIRECTIVE 98/37/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL]

    Параллельные тексты EN-RU

    3. The following are excluded from the scope of this Directive:

    3. Из области применения данной Директивы исключаются:

    — machinery whose only power source is directly applied manual effort, unless it is a machine used for lifting or lowering loads,

    - машинное оборудование, для которых источником энергии является исключительно непосредственное применение ручной силы, за исключением механизмов для подъема и опускания грузов;

    — machinery for medical use used in direct contact with patients,

    - медицинские приборы;

    — special equipment for use in fairgrounds and/or amusement parks,

    - специальное оборудование для использования в аттракционах и/или парках для развлечений;

    — steam boilers, tanks and pressure vessels,

    - паровые котлы, резервуары и сосуды под давлением;

    — machinery specially designed or put into service for nuclear purposes which, in the event of failure, may result in an emission of radioactivity,

    - машинное оборудование, специально сконструированное или используемое в атомной отрасли, которые в случае аварии могут привести к выделению радиоактивных веществ;

    — radioactive sources forming part of a machine,

    - радиоактивные источники, составляющие часть машин;

    — firearms,

    - стрелковое оружие;

    — storage tanks and pipelines for petrol, diesel fuel, inflammable liquids and dangerous substances,

    - емкости для хранения или трубопроводы для бензина, дизельного топлива, огнеопасных жидкостей и опасных веществ;

    — means of transport, i.e. vehicles and their trailers intended solely for transporting passengers by air or on road, rail or water networks, as well as means of transport in so far as such means are designed for transporting goods by air, on public road or rail networks or on water. Vehicles used in the mineral extraction industry shall not be excluded,

    - транспортные средства, т.е. средства перевозки и их прицепы, предназначенные исключительно для перевозки пассажиров по воздуху, автодороге, железной дороге, или водными путями, а также транспортные средства, сконструированные для транспортировки грузов по воздуху, по общедоступным дорогам, железным дорогам или водным путям. Средства транспортировки, используемые в горнодобывающей промышленности, не исключаются из области применения настоящей Директивы;

    — seagoing vessels and mobile offshore units together with equipment on board such vessels or units,

    - морские суда и мобильные береговые агрегаты вместе с оборудованием на борту, такие как танки или установки;

    — cableways, including funicular railways, for the public or private transportation of persons,

    - канатные дороги, включая фуникулерные железные дороги для общественного или частного пользования, предназначенные для транспортировки людей;

    — agricultural and forestry tractors, as defined in Article 1(1) of Directive 74/150/EEC (1),

    (1) Council Directive 74/150/EEC of 4 March 1974 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the type-approval of wheeled agricultural or forestry tractors (OJ L 84, 28.3.1974, p. 10). Directive as last amended by Decision 95/1/EC, Euratom, ECSC (OJ L 1.1.1995, p. 1).

    -сельскохозяйственные и лесные тракторы, подпадающие под определение статьи 1 (1) Директивы Совета 74/150/ЕЭС(1);

    (1) Директива Совета 74/150/ЕЭС от 4 марта 1974 г. по сближению законодательных актов Государств-членов, относящихся к одобрению типов колесных сельскохозяйственных или лесных тракторов (Официальный журнал Европейских сообществ № L 84, 28.3.1974 г., стр.10). Директива, измененная последний раз Решением 95/1/ЕЭС, Евроатом, ECSC (Официальный журнал Европейских сообществ № L 1/1/1995 г., стр 1)

    — machines specially designed and constructed for military or police purposes,

    - машины, специально сконструированные и созданные для военных и полицейских целей;

    — lifts which permanently serve specific levels of buildings and constructions, having a car moving between guides which are rigid and inclined at an angle of more than 15 degrees to the horizontal and designed for the transport of:
    (i) persons;
    (ii) persons and goods;
    (iii) goods alone if the car is accessible, that is to say, a person may enter it without difficulty, and fitted with controls situated inside the car or within reach of a person inside,

    - лифты и подъемные устройства, постоянно обслуживающие определенные уровни зданий и конструкций, имеющие транспортную тележку, движущуюся между жесткими направляющими, которые имеют угол наклона более 15 градусов к горизонтальной поверхности и сконструированы для транспортировки:
    (i) людей;
    (ii) людей и имущества;
    (iii) только имущества, в том случае, если кабина лифта открыта, т.е. человек может легко войти в такое транспортное средство и манипулировать средствами управления, находящимися внутри кабины или в пределах досягаемости для человека;

    — means of transport of persons using rack and pinion rail mounted vehicles,

    - транспортные средства для перевозки людей, с использованием зубчатых или реечных рельс, по которым перемещается транспортные средства;

    — mine winding gear,

    - шахтные канатные подъемные устройства;

    — theatre elevators,

    - театральные подъемники;

    — construction site hoists intended for lifting persons or persons and goods.

    - строительные подъемники, предназначенные для подъема людей или людей и грузов.

    4. Where, for machinery or safety components, the risks referred to in this Directive are wholly or partly covered by specific Community Directives, this Directive shall not apply, or shall cease to apply, in the case of such machinery or safety components and of such risks on the implementation of these specific Directives.

    4. Когда для машинного оборудования и компонентов безопасности риски, определенные в настоящей Директиве, полностью или частично покрываются специальными Директивами Сообщества, настоящая Директива не применяется или прекращает свое действие, такое машинное оборудование и компоненты безопасности и такие риски подпадают под действие этих специальных Директив.

    5. Where, for machinery, the risks are mainly of electrical origin, such machinery shall be covered exclusively by Directive 73/23/EEC (2).

    (2) Council Directive 73/23/EEC of 19 February 1973 on the harmonisation of the laws of Member States relating to electrical equipment designed for use within certain voltage limits (OJ L 77, 26.3.1973, p. 29). Directive as last amended by Directive 93/68/EEC (OJ L 220, 30.8.1993, p. 1).

    5. Когда риски применения машинного оборудования связаны с электрическими источниками, то такое оборудование охватываются исключительно Директивой 73/23/ЕЭС(2).

    (2) Директива Совета 73/23/ЕЭС/ от 19 февраля 1973 года о гармонизации законов Государств-Участников в отношении электрооборудования, предназначенного для использования в условиях определенных пределов напряжения (Официальный журнал Европейских сообществ № L 77, 26.03.1973, стр. 29). Директива с последней поправкой Директивой 93/68/ЕЭС (Официальный журнал Европейских сообществ № L 220, 30.08.1993, стр.1).

    Article 2
    1. Member States shall take all appropriate measures to ensure that machinery or safety components covered by this Directive may be placed on the market and put into service only if they do not endanger the health or safety of persons and, where appropriate, domestic animals or property, when properly installed and maintained and used for their intended purpose.

    Статья 2
    1. Государства - члены должны предпринимать все необходимые меры для обеспечения того, чтобы машинное оборудование или компоненты безопасности, попадающие под действие настоящей Директивы, поставлялись на рынок и вводились в эксплуатацию, только если они не составляют угрозу для здоровья и безопасности людей и домашних животных, или имуществу при условии надлежащей установки и обслуживания, а также использования по прямому назначению.

    2. This Directive shall not affect Member States’ entitlement to lay down, in due observance of the Treaty, such requirements as they may deem necessary to ensure that persons and in particular workers are protected when using the machinery or safety components in question, provided that this does not mean that the machinery or safety components are modified in a way not specified in the Directive.

    2. Настоящая Директива не ограничивает права Государств - членов устанавливать при должном соблюдении Договора такие требования, которые они посчитают необходимыми для обеспечения защиты людей, особенно работников, при использовании машинного оборудования или компонентов безопасности, при условии, что модификация такого машинного оборудования и компонентов безопасности была произведена в соответствии с положениями настоящей Директивы.

    3. At trade fairs, exhibitions, demonstrations, etc., Member States shall not prevent the showing of machinery or safety components which do not conform to the provisions of this Directive, provided that a visible sign clearly indicates that such machinery or safety components do not conform and that they are not for sale until they have been brought into conformity by the manufacturer or his authorised representative established in the Community. During demonstrations, adequate safety measures shall be taken to ensure the protection of persons.

    3. На торговых ярмарках, выставках, демонстрациях и т.п. Государства - члены не должны препятствовать демонстрации машинного оборудования или компонентов безопасности, которые не соответствуют положениям настоящей Директивы, при условии, что видимый знак четко указывает, что такое машинное оборудование или компоненты безопасности не соответствуют данной Директиве, и что они не предназначаются для продажи до тех пор, пока изготовитель или его уполномоченный представитель в Сообществе не приведет их в полное соответствие с Директивой. Во время демонстраций должны приниматься адекватные меры для обеспечения безопасности граждан.

    Article 3
    Machinery and safety components covered by this Directive shall satisfy the essential health and safety requirements set out in Annex I.

    Статья 3
    Машинное оборудование, а также компоненты безопасности, относящиеся к области действия настоящей Директивы, должны полностью удовлетворять основным требованиям по обеспечению здоровья и безопасности, изложенным в Приложении 1.

    Article 4
    1. Member States shall not prohibit, restrict or impede the placing on the market and putting into service in their territory of machinery and safety components which comply with this Directive.

    Статья 4
    1. Государства - члены не должны запрещать, ограничивать или препятствовать поставке на рынок машинного оборудования, а также компонентов безопасности, которые соответствуют
    требованиям настоящей Директивы.

    2. Member States shall not prohibit, restrict or impede the placing on the market of machinery where the manufacturer or his authorised representative established in the Community declares in accordance with point B of Annex II that it is intended to be incorporated into machinery or assembled with other machinery to constitute machinery covered by this Directive, except where it can function independently.

    ‘Interchangeable equipment’, as referred to in the third indent of Article 1(2)(a), must in all cases bear the CE marking and be accompanied by the EC declaration of conformity referred to in Annex II, point A.

    2. Государства - члены не должны запрещать, ограничивать или препятствовать поставке на рынок машинного оборудования, если изготовитель или его уполномоченный представитель в Сообществе заявляет в соответствии с Приложением II B, что они предназначены для включения в машинное оборудование или компоноваться с другим оборудованием, так, что в соединении они составят машинное оборудование, отвечающее требованиям настоящей Директивы, за исключением тех случаев, когда они могут функционировать независимо.

    "Взаимозаменяемое оборудование" в смысле третьего абзаца с черточкой в Статье 1 (2) (a) должно во всех случаях иметь маркировку "СЕ" и сопровождаться декларацией соответствия, определенной в Приложении II, пункте А.

    3. Member States may not prohibit, restrict or impede the placing on the market of safety components as defined in Article 1(2) where they are accompanied by an EC declaration of conformity by the manufacturer or his authorised representative established in the Community as referred to in Annex II, point C.

    3. Государства - члены не имеют права запрещать, ограничивать или препятствовать распространению на рынке компонентов безопасности, определенных Статьей 1 (2), если эти компоненты сопровождаются декларацией соответствия ЕС, заявленной изготовителем или его уполномоченным представителем в Сообществе, как определено в Приложении II, пункте С.

    Article 5
    1. Member States shall regard the following as conforming to all the provisions of this Directive, including the procedures for checking the conformity provided for in Chapter II:
    — machinery bearing the CE marking and accompanied by the EC declaration of conformity referred to in Annex II, point A,
    — safety components accompanied by the EC declaration of conformity referred to in Annex II, point C.

    Статья 5
    1. Государства - члены должны считать нижеследующее соответствующим всем положениям настоящей Директивы, включая процедуры проверки соответствия, предусмотренной в Главе II:
    - машинное оборудование, имеющее маркировку "СЕ" и сопровождаемое декларацией соответствия ЕС, как указано в Приложении II, пункте A;
    - компоненты безопасности, сопровождаемые декларацией соответствия ЕС, как указано в Приложении II, пункте C.

    При отсутствии гармонизированных стандартов Государства - члены должны предпринимать любые меры, которые они сочтут необходимыми, для привлечения внимания заинтересованных сторон к существующим национальным техническим стандартам и спецификациям, которые считаются важными или относятся к выполнению основных требований по обеспечению здоровья и безопасности в соответствии с Приложением 1.

    2. Where a national standard transposing a harmonised standard, the reference for which has been published in the Official Journal of the European Communities, covers one or more of the essential safety requirements, machinery or safety components constructed in accordance with this standard shall be presumed to comply with the relevant essential requirements.
    Member States shall publish the references of national standards transposing harmonised standards.

    2. В тех случаях, когда национальный стандарт, заменяющий гармонизированный стандарт, ссылка на который была опубликована в Официальном журнале Европейских сообществ, покрывает одно или несколько основных требований безопасности, машинное оборудование или компоненты безопасности, сконструированные в соответствии с таким стандартом, должны считаться соответствующими основным требованиям.
    Государства - члены должны публиковать ссылки на национальные стандарты, заменяющие гармонизированные стандарты.

    3. Member States shall ensure that appropriate measures are taken to enable the social partners to have an influence at national level on the process of preparing and monitoring the harmonised standards.

    3. Государства - члены должны обеспечивать принятие необходимых мер для того, чтобы их социальные партнеры получали возможность влиять на национальном уровне на процессы подготовки и отслеживания гармонизированных стандартов.

    Article 6
    1. Where a Member State or the Commission considers that the harmonised standards referred to in Article 5(2) do not entirely satisfy the essential requirements referred to in Article 3, the Commission or the Member State concerned shall bring the matter before the committee set up under Directive 83/189/EEC, giving the reasons therefor. The committee shall deliver an opinion without delay.
    Upon receipt of the committee’s opinion, the Commission shall inform the Member States whether or not it is necessary to withdraw those standards from the published information referred to in Article 5(2).

    Статья 6
    1. В случае, если Государство - член или Комиссия считают, что гармонизированные стандарты, рассмотренные в Статье 5 (2), не полностью соответствуют основным требованиям, определенным в Статье 3, Комиссия или заинтересованное Государство - член должны поставить этот вопрос на рассмотрение комитета, созданного в соответствии с Директивой 83/189/ЕЭС, обосновав причины такого обращения. Комитет должен безотлагательно вынести решение.
    После получения такого решения комитета Комиссия должна информировать Государства – члены, необходимо или нет отозвать эти стандарты из опубликованной информации, определенной в Статье 5 (2).

    2. A standing committee shall be set up, consisting of representatives appointed by the Member States and chaired by a representative of the Commission.

    The standing committee shall draw up its own rules of procedure.

    Any matter relating to the implementation and practical application of this Directive may be brought before the standing committee, in accordance with the following procedure:

    The representative of the Commission shall submit to the committee a draft of the measures to be taken. The committee shall deliver its opinion on the draft, within a time limit which the chairman may lay down according to the urgency of the matter, if necessary by taking a vote.

    The opinion shall be recorded in the minutes; in addition, each Member State shall have the right to ask to have its position recorded in the minutes.
    The Commission shall take the utmost account of the opinion delivered by the committee.
    It shall inform the committee of the manner in which its opinion has been taken into account.

    2. Должен быть создан постоянно действующий комитет, состоящий из представителей, назначенных Государствами – членами, и возглавляемый представителем Комиссии.

    Постоянно действующий комитет будет сам устанавливать порядок действий и процедуры.

    Любой вопрос, относящийся к выполнению и практическому применению настоящей Директивы, может быть поставлен на рассмотрение постоянно действующего комитета, в соответствии со следующими правилами:

    Представитель Комиссии должен представить комитету проект предполагаемых к принятию мер. Комитет должен выразить свое мнение по проекту за время, установленное председателем в соответствии со срочностью вопроса, при необходимости определяемого путем голосования.

    Это мнение должно быть зафиксировано в протоколе; кроме того, каждое Государство - член имеет право потребовать отразить свою позицию в протоколе. Комиссия должна максимально учитывать мнение, вынесенное комитетом.
    Она должна проинформировать комитет, каким образом было учтено его мнение.

    Article 7
    1. Where a Member State ascertains that:
    — machinery bearing the CE marking, or
    — safety components accompanied by the EC declaration of conformity, used in accordance with their intended purpose are liable to endanger the safety of persons, and, where appropriate, domestic animals or property, it shall take all appropriate measures to withdraw such machinery or safety components from the market, to prohibit the placing on the market, putting into service or use thereof, or to restrict free movement thereof.

    Member States shall immediately inform the Commission of any such measure, indicating the reason for its decision and, in particular, whether non-conformity is due to:
    (a) failure to satisfy the essential requirements referred to in Article 3;
    (b) incorrect application of the standards referred to in Article 5(2);
    (c) shortcomings in the standards themselves referred to in Article 5(2).

    Статья 7
    1. Если Государство - член устанавливает, что:
    - машинное оборудование, имеющее маркировку "СЕ", либо
    - компоненты безопасности, сопровождаемые декларацией соответствия ЕС, используемые в соответствии с их назначением, могут нести угрозу безопасности людям, и, если это имеет место, домашним животным или собственности, оно должно принять все необходимые меры для изъятия такого машинного оборудования, либо компонентов безопасности с рынка, запретить их поставку на рынок, ввод в эксплуатацию или использование, либо ограничить их свободное обращение.

    Государства - члены должны немедленно информировать Комиссию о любых подобных мерах, указать причины такого решения и, в особенности, информировать о том, явилось ли это несоответствие результатом:
    a) неспособности удовлетворить основным требованиям, определенным в Статье 3;
    b) неправильного применения стандартов, определенных в Статье 5 (п.2);
    c) недостатков самих стандартов, определенных в Статье 5 (п. 2).

    2. The Commission shall enter into consultation with the parties concerned without delay. Where the Commission considers, after this consultation, that the measure is justified, it shall immediately so inform the Member State which took the initiative and the other Member States. Where the Commission considers, after this consultation, that the action is unjustified, it shall immediately so inform the Member State which took the initiative and the manufacturer or his authorised representative established within the Community.

    Where the decision referred to in paragraph 1 is based on a shortcoming in the standards, and where the Member State at the origin of the decision maintains its position, the Commission shall immediately inform the committee in order to initiate the procedures referred to in Article 6(1).

    2. Комиссия должна безотлагательно провести консультацию с заинтересованными сторонами. В случае, если после проведения такой консультации, Комиссия полагает, что такая мера обоснована, она должна немедленно информировать об этом Государство - член, которое выдвинуло эту инициативу, а также остальные Государства - члены. Если Комиссия после проведения такой консультации полагает, что действия не были обоснованными, она немедленно извещает об этом Государство - член, проявившее инициативу, и изготовителя, либо его уполномоченного представителя в Сообществе.

    Если решение, указанное в параграфе 1, основано на недостатках в стандартах, и если Государство - член на основании такого решения сохраняет свои позиции, то Комиссия должна немедленно информировать комитет для того, чтобы начать процедуры, описанные в Статье 6 (п. 1).

    3. Where:
    — machinery which does not comply bears the CE marking,
    — a safety component which does not comply is accompanied by an EC declaration of conformity,
    the competent Member State shall take appropriate action against whom so ever has affixed the marking or drawn up the declaration and shall so inform the Commission and other Member States.

    3. Если:
    - машинное оборудование, не соответствующие требованиям, имеют маркировку "СЕ",
    - компоненты безопасности, не соответствующие требованиям, имеют декларацию соответствия ЕС,
    компетентное Государство - член должно начать соответствующие действия против любого, кто поставил маркировку, или составил декларацию, и должно проинформировать об этом Комиссию и другие Государства - члены.

    4. The Commission shall ensure that Member States are kept informed of the progress and outcome of this procedure.

    4. Комиссия должна обеспечить, чтобы Государства – члены были постоянно информированы о ходе и результатах данной процедуры.

    CHAPTER II
    CONFORMITY ASSESSMENT PROCEDURES
    Article 8

    1. The manufacturer or his authorised representative established in the Community must, in order to certify that machinery and safety components are in conformity with this Directive, draw up for all machinery or safety components manufactured an EC declaration of conformity based on the model given in Annex II, point A or C as appropriate.

    In addition, for machinery alone, the manufacturer or his authorised representatives established in the Community must affix to the machine the CE marking.

    Глава II
    Процедуры оценки соответствия
    Статья 8

    1. Для подтверждения того, что машинное оборудование, а также компоненты безопасности соответствуют положениям настоящей Директивы, изготовитель или его уполномоченный представитель в Сообществе должен составить декларацию ЕС о соответствии на произведенное машинное оборудование и компоненты безопасности по образцу, приведенному в Приложении II, соответственно пунктам A или C.

    Корме того, на машинное оборудование изготовитель или его уполномоченный представитель в Сообществе должен нанести маркировку "СЕ" в соответствии со Статьей 10.

    2. Before placing on the market, the manufacturer, or his authorised representative established in the Community, shall:
    (a) if the machinery is not referred to in Annex IV, draw up the file provided for in Annex V;
    (b) if the machinery is referred to in Annex IV and its manufacturer does not comply, or only partly complies, with the standards referred to in Article 5(2) or if there are no such standards, submit an example of the machinery for the EC type-examination referred to in Annex VI;
    (c) if the machinery is referred to in Annex IV and is manufactured in accordance with the standards referred to in Article 5(2):
    — either draw up the file referred to in Annex VI and forward it to a notified body, which will acknowledge receipt of the file as soon as possible and keep it,
    — submit the file referred to in Annex VI to the notified body, which will simply verify that the standards referred to in Article 5(2) have been correctly applied and will draw up a certificate of adequacy for the file,
    — or submit the example of the machinery for the EC type-examination referred to in Annex VI.

    2. Перед поставкой на рынок изготовитель или его уполномоченный представитель в Сообществе должен:
    (a) в случае, если машинное оборудование не указано в Приложении IV, составить документацию, предусмотренную Приложением V;
    (b) если машинное оборудование указано в Приложении IV, и их изготовитель не выполняет, либо выполняет лишь частично требования стандартов, упомянутых в Статье 5 (2), либо, если таких стандартов не существует, то представить образец машинного оборудования для его испытания ЕС, определенного в Приложении VI;
    (c) если машинное оборудование указано в Приложении IV и изготовлено в соответствии со стандартами, определенными в Статье 5 (п. 2):
    - либо составить документацию, указанную в Приложении VI, и передать ее нотифицированному органу, который подтверждает получение документации в возможно короткие сроки, а также сохраняет ее;
    - представить документацию, указанную в Приложении VI, нотифицированному органу, который просто проверит, что стандарты, упомянутые в Статье 5 (2), были применены правильно и составит сертификат соответствия по этой документации;
    - либо представить образец машинного оборудования для испытания ЕС типового образца, определенного в Приложении VI.

    3. Where the first indent of paragraph 2(c) of this Article applies, the provisions of the first sentence of paragraphs 5 and 7 of Annex VI shall also apply.

    Where the second indent of paragraph 2(c) of this Article applies, the provisions of paragraphs 5, 6 and 7 of Annex VI shall also apply.

    3. В тех случаях, когда может быть применен первый абзац параграфа 2 (с) этой Статьи должны также применяться положения первого предложения параграфов 5 и 7 Приложения VI.

    В тех случаях, когда может быть применен второй абзац пункта 2 (с), должны также применяться положения параграфов 5, 6 и 7 Приложения VI.

    4. Where paragraph 2(a) and the first and second indents of paragraph 2(c) apply, the EC declaration of conformity shall solely state conformity with the essential requirements of the Directive.

    Where paragraph 2(b) and the third indent of paragraph 2(c) apply, the EC declaration of conformity shall state conformity with the example that underwent EC type-examination.

    4. В тех случаях, когда применяется параграф 2 (а) и первый и второй абзацы параграфа 2 (c), декларация ЕС о соответствии должна удостоверить соответствие основным требованиям настоящей Директивы.

    В случае, когда применяется параграф 2 (b) и третий абзац параграфа 2 (c), декларация ЕС о соответствии должна удостоверить соответствие образцу, прошедшему испытание ЕС типового образца.

    5. Safety components shall be subject to the certification procedures applicable to machinery pursuant to paragraphs 2, 3 and 4. Furthermore, during EC type-examination, the notified body shall verify the suitability of the safety component for fulfilling the safety functions declared by the manufacturer.

    5.Компоненты безопасности должны подвергаться процедурам сертификации, применимым к машинному оборудованию в соответствии с параграфами 2, 3, 4. Более того, во время испытания ЕС типового образца нотифицированный орган должен проверить пригодность компонентов безопасности для выполнения тех функций безопасности, которые заявлены изготовителем.

    6. (a) Where the machinery is subject to other Directives concerning other aspects and which also provide for the affixing of the CE marking, the latter shall indicate that the machinery is also presumed to conform to the provisions of those other Directives.
    (b) However, where one or more of those Directives allow the manufacturer, during a transitional period, to choose which arrangements to apply, the CE marking shall indicate conformity only to the Directives applied by the manufacturer. In this case, particulars of the Directives applied, as published in the Official Journal of the European Communities, must be given in the documents, notices or instructions required by the directives and accompanying such machinery.

    6. (a) В тех случаях, когда машинное оборудование подпадает под действие Директив по другим аспектам, которые также предусматривают нанесение маркировки "СЕ", последняя указывает, что такое машинное оборудование соответствуют положениям этих прочих директив.
    (b) Тем не менее, когда одна или несколько таких Директив позволяют изготовителям в течение переходного периода выбирать, какие из положений применить, маркировка "СЕ" будет указывать на соответствие только тем Директивам, которые применялись изготовителем. В этом случае подробная информация о примененных Директивах, опубликованных в Официальном журнале Европейских сообществ, должен приводиться в документах, аннотациях или инструкциях, требуемых в соответствии с Директивами, и сопровождать такое машинное оборудование.

    7. Where neither the manufacturer nor his authorised representative established in the Community fulfils the obligations of paragraphs 1 to 6, these obligations shall fall to any person placing the machinery or safety component on the market in the Community. The same obligations shall apply to any person assembling machinery or parts thereof or safety components of various origins or constructing machinery or safety components for his own use.

    7. Если ни изготовитель, ни его уполномоченный представитель в Сообществе не выполнят своих обязательств по предыдущим параграфам, то эти обязательства должны быть выполнены любыми лицами, поставляющими машинное оборудование или компоненты безопасности на рынок Сообщества. Такие же обязательства возлагаются на любые лица, осуществляющие сборку машинного оборудования, либо его частей или компонентов безопасности различного происхождения, либо создающие машинное оборудование или компоненты безопасности для собственного пользования.

    8. The obligations referred to in paragraph 7 shall not apply to persons who assemble with a machine or tractor interchangeable equipment as provided for in Article 1, provided that the parts are compatible and each of the constituent parts of the assembled machine bears the CE marking and is accompanied by the EC declaration of conformity.

    8. Обязательства, изложенные в параграфе 7, не применяются к лицам, которые собирают с машиной, механизмом или транспортным средством взаимозаменяемое оборудование, указанное в Статье 1, при условии, что эти части совместимы, и каждая из частей машины в сборе имеет маркировку "СЕ" и Декларацию ЕС о соответствии.

    Article 9
    1. Member States shall notify the Commission and the other Member States of the approved bodies which they have appointed to carry out the procedures referred to in Article 8 together with the specific tasks which these bodies have been appointed to carry out and the identification numbers assigned to them beforehand by the Commission.
    The Commission shall publish in the Official Journal of the European Communities a list of the notified bodies and their identification numbers and the tasks for which they have been notified. The Commission shall ensure that this list is kept up to date.

    Статья 9
    1. Государства - члены должны уведомить Комиссию и другие Государства - члены об утвержденных органах, которые назначаются для выполнения процедур, описанных в Статье 8, также как и для различных особых задач, которые этим органам предназначено выполнять, и об идентификационных номерах, предварительно присвоенных им Комиссией.

    В Официальном журнале Европейских сообществ Комиссия должна публиковать список таких нотифицированных органов и их идентификационные номера, а также задачи, для решения которых они предназначены. Комиссия должна обеспечить своевременность обновления списка.

    2. Member States shall apply the criteria laid down in Annex VII in assessing the bodies to be indicated in such notification. Bodies meeting the assessment criteria laid down in the relevant harmonised standards shall be presumed to fulfil those criteria.

    2. Государства - члены должны применять критерии, изложенные в Приложении VII, для определения органов, которые будут указаны в таких назначениях. Органы, удовлетворяющие критериям, изложенным в соответствующих гармонизированных стандартах, считаются соответствующими критериям.

    3. A Member State which has approved a body must withdraw its notification if it finds that the body no longer meets the criteria referred to in Annex VII. It shall immediately inform the Commission and the other Member States accordingly.

    3. Государство - член, утвердившее такой орган, должно отменить его назначение, если оно обнаружит, что он больше не соответствует критериям, изложенным в Приложении VII. Государство - член должно немедленно известить об этом Комиссию и другие Государства - члены.

    CHAPTER III
    CE MARKING
    Article 10
    1. The CE conformity marking shall consist of the initials ‘CE’. The form of the marking to be used is shown in Annex III.

    ГЛАВА III
    МАРКИРОВКА "СЕ"
    Статья 10
    1. Маркировка "СЕ" состоит из заглавных букв "СЕ". Форма маркировки, которая будет использоваться, указана в Приложении III.

    2. The CE marking shall be affixed to machinery distinctly and visibly in accordance with point 1.7.3 of Annex I.

    2. Маркировка "СЕ" должна наноситься на машинное оборудование четко, на видном месте в соответствии с пунктом 1.7.3. Приложения I.

    3. The affixing of markings on the machinery which are likely to deceive third parties as to the meaning and form of the CE marking shall be prohibited. Any other marking may be affixed to the machinery provided that the visibility and legibility of the CE marking is not thereby reduced.

    3. Нанесение маркировок на машинное оборудование таким образом, что это может ввести в заблуждение относительно значения и формы маркировки "СЕ", запрещено. Любые другие маркировки могут быть нанесены на машинное оборудование таким образом, чтобы не мешать видимости и различимости маркировки "СЕ".

    4. Without prejudice to Article 7:
    (a) where a Member State establishes that the CE marking has been affixed unduly, the manufacturer or his authorised representative established within the Community shall be obliged to make the product conform as regards the provisions concerning the CE marking and to end the infringement under the conditions imposed by the Member State;

    (b) where non-conformity continues, the Member State must take all appropriate measures to restrict or prohibit the placing on the market of the product in question or to ensure that it is withdrawn from the market in accordance with the procedure laid down in Article 7.

    4. Без ограничения применения Статьи 7:
    (a) если Государство - член устанавливает, что маркировка "СЕ" была нанесена неправильно, изготовитель или его уполномоченный представитель в Сообществе будет обязан привести продукцию в соответствии с положениями, касающимися маркировки "СЕ" и положить конец нарушениям на условиях, установленных Государством - членом;

    (b) если такое несоответствие будет продолжаться, то Государство - член должно принять все соответствующие меры для ограничения или запрещения поставки на рынок такой продукции, либо обеспечить изъятие ее с рынка в соответствии с процедурами, изложенными в Статье 7.

    CHAPTER IV
    FINAL PROVISIONS
    Article 11

    Any decision taken pursuant to this Directive which restricts the placing on the market and putting into service of machinery or a safety component shall state the exact grounds on which it is based. Such a decision shall be notified as soon as possible to the party concerned, who shall at the same time be informed of the legal remedies available to him under the laws in force in the Member State concerned and of the time limits to which such remedies are subject.

    ГЛАВА IV
    ЗАКЛЮЧИТЕЛЬНЫЕ ПОЛОЖЕНИЯ
    Статья 11

    Любое решение, принятое в исполнение настоящей Директивы, ограничивающее поставку на рынок и ввод в эксплуатацию машинного оборудования или компонентов безопасности, должно указывать точные причины, на которых оно основано. Такое решение должно быть по возможности быстро доведено до сведения заинтересованных сторон, их также следует проинформировать о законных мерах, которые могут быть предприняты по действующему законодательству в соответствующем Государстве - члене и о сроках, в которые данные меры применяются.

    Article 12
    The Commission will take the necessary steps to have information on all the relevant decisions relating to the management of this Directive made available.

    Статья 12
    Комиссия предпримет все необходимые шаги для получения информации по всем соответствующим решениям, касающимся применения и распространения настоящей Директивы.

    Article 13
    1. Member States shall communicate to the Commission the texts of the provisions of national law which they adopt in the field governed by this Directive.

    2. The Commission shall, before 1 January 1994, examine the progress made in the standardisation work relating to this Directive and propose any appropriate measures.

    Статья 13
    1. Государства - члены должны передать Комиссии тексты положений национальных законодательных актов, принимаемых в сфере, определяемой настоящей Директивой.

    2. Комиссия должна до 1 января 1994 г. изучить развитие работ по стандартизации, относящиеся к области действия настоящей Директивы и предложить любые целесообразные меры.

    Тематики

    EN

    Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > машинное оборудование

  • 10 machinery

    1. организационный аппарат
    2. оборудование
    3. механизм
    4. машины и оборудование
    5. машины
    6. машинное оборудование

     

    машинное оборудование
    термин " машинное оборудование" означает:
    - сборочную единицу, состоящую из соединенных частей или компонентов, по крайней мере, одна из которых находится в движении, имеет соответствующие приводы, схему управления, цепь питания, и т.д., соединенные вместе с целью специального применения, в частности, для производства, обработки, перемещения или упаковки материала;
    - группу машин, которые для достижения той же цели организованы и управляется таким образом, что они функционируют как единое целое;
    - взаимозаменяемое оборудование, модифицирующее функции машины, которое отдельно поставляется на рынок и предназначено для установки на машине или на серии различных машин или на приводном устройстве самим оператором, при условии, что данное оборудование не является запасной частью или инструментом.
    [Директива 98/37/ЕЭС по машинному оборудованию]

    EN

    machinery
    ‘machinery’ means:
    — an assembly of linked parts or components, at least one of which moves, with the appropriate
    actuators, control and power circuits, etc., joined together for a specific application, in particular
    for the processing, treatment, moving or packaging of a material,
    — an assembly of machines which, in order to achieve the same end, are arranged and controlled so that they function as an integral whole,
    — interchangeable equipment modifying the function of a machine, which is placed on the market for the purpose of being assembled with a machine or a series of different machines or with a tractor by the operator himself in so far as this equipment is not a spare part or a tool
    [DIRECTIVE 98/37/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL]

    Параллельные тексты EN-RU

    3. The following are excluded from the scope of this Directive:

    3. Из области применения данной Директивы исключаются:

    — machinery whose only power source is directly applied manual effort, unless it is a machine used for lifting or lowering loads,

    - машинное оборудование, для которых источником энергии является исключительно непосредственное применение ручной силы, за исключением механизмов для подъема и опускания грузов;

    — machinery for medical use used in direct contact with patients,

    - медицинские приборы;

    — special equipment for use in fairgrounds and/or amusement parks,

    - специальное оборудование для использования в аттракционах и/или парках для развлечений;

    — steam boilers, tanks and pressure vessels,

    - паровые котлы, резервуары и сосуды под давлением;

    — machinery specially designed or put into service for nuclear purposes which, in the event of failure, may result in an emission of radioactivity,

    - машинное оборудование, специально сконструированное или используемое в атомной отрасли, которые в случае аварии могут привести к выделению радиоактивных веществ;

    — radioactive sources forming part of a machine,

    - радиоактивные источники, составляющие часть машин;

    — firearms,

    - стрелковое оружие;

    — storage tanks and pipelines for petrol, diesel fuel, inflammable liquids and dangerous substances,

    - емкости для хранения или трубопроводы для бензина, дизельного топлива, огнеопасных жидкостей и опасных веществ;

    — means of transport, i.e. vehicles and their trailers intended solely for transporting passengers by air or on road, rail or water networks, as well as means of transport in so far as such means are designed for transporting goods by air, on public road or rail networks or on water. Vehicles used in the mineral extraction industry shall not be excluded,

    - транспортные средства, т.е. средства перевозки и их прицепы, предназначенные исключительно для перевозки пассажиров по воздуху, автодороге, железной дороге, или водными путями, а также транспортные средства, сконструированные для транспортировки грузов по воздуху, по общедоступным дорогам, железным дорогам или водным путям. Средства транспортировки, используемые в горнодобывающей промышленности, не исключаются из области применения настоящей Директивы;

    — seagoing vessels and mobile offshore units together with equipment on board such vessels or units,

    - морские суда и мобильные береговые агрегаты вместе с оборудованием на борту, такие как танки или установки;

    — cableways, including funicular railways, for the public or private transportation of persons,

    - канатные дороги, включая фуникулерные железные дороги для общественного или частного пользования, предназначенные для транспортировки людей;

    — agricultural and forestry tractors, as defined in Article 1(1) of Directive 74/150/EEC (1),

    (1) Council Directive 74/150/EEC of 4 March 1974 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the type-approval of wheeled agricultural or forestry tractors (OJ L 84, 28.3.1974, p. 10). Directive as last amended by Decision 95/1/EC, Euratom, ECSC (OJ L 1.1.1995, p. 1).

    -сельскохозяйственные и лесные тракторы, подпадающие под определение статьи 1 (1) Директивы Совета 74/150/ЕЭС(1);

    (1) Директива Совета 74/150/ЕЭС от 4 марта 1974 г. по сближению законодательных актов Государств-членов, относящихся к одобрению типов колесных сельскохозяйственных или лесных тракторов (Официальный журнал Европейских сообществ № L 84, 28.3.1974 г., стр.10). Директива, измененная последний раз Решением 95/1/ЕЭС, Евроатом, ECSC (Официальный журнал Европейских сообществ № L 1/1/1995 г., стр 1)

    — machines specially designed and constructed for military or police purposes,

    - машины, специально сконструированные и созданные для военных и полицейских целей;

    — lifts which permanently serve specific levels of buildings and constructions, having a car moving between guides which are rigid and inclined at an angle of more than 15 degrees to the horizontal and designed for the transport of:
    (i) persons;
    (ii) persons and goods;
    (iii) goods alone if the car is accessible, that is to say, a person may enter it without difficulty, and fitted with controls situated inside the car or within reach of a person inside,

    - лифты и подъемные устройства, постоянно обслуживающие определенные уровни зданий и конструкций, имеющие транспортную тележку, движущуюся между жесткими направляющими, которые имеют угол наклона более 15 градусов к горизонтальной поверхности и сконструированы для транспортировки:
    (i) людей;
    (ii) людей и имущества;
    (iii) только имущества, в том случае, если кабина лифта открыта, т.е. человек может легко войти в такое транспортное средство и манипулировать средствами управления, находящимися внутри кабины или в пределах досягаемости для человека;

    — means of transport of persons using rack and pinion rail mounted vehicles,

    - транспортные средства для перевозки людей, с использованием зубчатых или реечных рельс, по которым перемещается транспортные средства;

    — mine winding gear,

    - шахтные канатные подъемные устройства;

    — theatre elevators,

    - театральные подъемники;

    — construction site hoists intended for lifting persons or persons and goods.

    - строительные подъемники, предназначенные для подъема людей или людей и грузов.

    4. Where, for machinery or safety components, the risks referred to in this Directive are wholly or partly covered by specific Community Directives, this Directive shall not apply, or shall cease to apply, in the case of such machinery or safety components and of such risks on the implementation of these specific Directives.

    4. Когда для машинного оборудования и компонентов безопасности риски, определенные в настоящей Директиве, полностью или частично покрываются специальными Директивами Сообщества, настоящая Директива не применяется или прекращает свое действие, такое машинное оборудование и компоненты безопасности и такие риски подпадают под действие этих специальных Директив.

    5. Where, for machinery, the risks are mainly of electrical origin, such machinery shall be covered exclusively by Directive 73/23/EEC (2).

    (2) Council Directive 73/23/EEC of 19 February 1973 on the harmonisation of the laws of Member States relating to electrical equipment designed for use within certain voltage limits (OJ L 77, 26.3.1973, p. 29). Directive as last amended by Directive 93/68/EEC (OJ L 220, 30.8.1993, p. 1).

    5. Когда риски применения машинного оборудования связаны с электрическими источниками, то такое оборудование охватываются исключительно Директивой 73/23/ЕЭС(2).

    (2) Директива Совета 73/23/ЕЭС/ от 19 февраля 1973 года о гармонизации законов Государств-Участников в отношении электрооборудования, предназначенного для использования в условиях определенных пределов напряжения (Официальный журнал Европейских сообществ № L 77, 26.03.1973, стр. 29). Директива с последней поправкой Директивой 93/68/ЕЭС (Официальный журнал Европейских сообществ № L 220, 30.08.1993, стр.1).

    Article 2
    1. Member States shall take all appropriate measures to ensure that machinery or safety components covered by this Directive may be placed on the market and put into service only if they do not endanger the health or safety of persons and, where appropriate, domestic animals or property, when properly installed and maintained and used for their intended purpose.

    Статья 2
    1. Государства - члены должны предпринимать все необходимые меры для обеспечения того, чтобы машинное оборудование или компоненты безопасности, попадающие под действие настоящей Директивы, поставлялись на рынок и вводились в эксплуатацию, только если они не составляют угрозу для здоровья и безопасности людей и домашних животных, или имуществу при условии надлежащей установки и обслуживания, а также использования по прямому назначению.

    2. This Directive shall not affect Member States’ entitlement to lay down, in due observance of the Treaty, such requirements as they may deem necessary to ensure that persons and in particular workers are protected when using the machinery or safety components in question, provided that this does not mean that the machinery or safety components are modified in a way not specified in the Directive.

    2. Настоящая Директива не ограничивает права Государств - членов устанавливать при должном соблюдении Договора такие требования, которые они посчитают необходимыми для обеспечения защиты людей, особенно работников, при использовании машинного оборудования или компонентов безопасности, при условии, что модификация такого машинного оборудования и компонентов безопасности была произведена в соответствии с положениями настоящей Директивы.

    3. At trade fairs, exhibitions, demonstrations, etc., Member States shall not prevent the showing of machinery or safety components which do not conform to the provisions of this Directive, provided that a visible sign clearly indicates that such machinery or safety components do not conform and that they are not for sale until they have been brought into conformity by the manufacturer or his authorised representative established in the Community. During demonstrations, adequate safety measures shall be taken to ensure the protection of persons.

    3. На торговых ярмарках, выставках, демонстрациях и т.п. Государства - члены не должны препятствовать демонстрации машинного оборудования или компонентов безопасности, которые не соответствуют положениям настоящей Директивы, при условии, что видимый знак четко указывает, что такое машинное оборудование или компоненты безопасности не соответствуют данной Директиве, и что они не предназначаются для продажи до тех пор, пока изготовитель или его уполномоченный представитель в Сообществе не приведет их в полное соответствие с Директивой. Во время демонстраций должны приниматься адекватные меры для обеспечения безопасности граждан.

    Article 3
    Machinery and safety components covered by this Directive shall satisfy the essential health and safety requirements set out in Annex I.

    Статья 3
    Машинное оборудование, а также компоненты безопасности, относящиеся к области действия настоящей Директивы, должны полностью удовлетворять основным требованиям по обеспечению здоровья и безопасности, изложенным в Приложении 1.

    Article 4
    1. Member States shall not prohibit, restrict or impede the placing on the market and putting into service in their territory of machinery and safety components which comply with this Directive.

    Статья 4
    1. Государства - члены не должны запрещать, ограничивать или препятствовать поставке на рынок машинного оборудования, а также компонентов безопасности, которые соответствуют
    требованиям настоящей Директивы.

    2. Member States shall not prohibit, restrict or impede the placing on the market of machinery where the manufacturer or his authorised representative established in the Community declares in accordance with point B of Annex II that it is intended to be incorporated into machinery or assembled with other machinery to constitute machinery covered by this Directive, except where it can function independently.

    ‘Interchangeable equipment’, as referred to in the third indent of Article 1(2)(a), must in all cases bear the CE marking and be accompanied by the EC declaration of conformity referred to in Annex II, point A.

    2. Государства - члены не должны запрещать, ограничивать или препятствовать поставке на рынок машинного оборудования, если изготовитель или его уполномоченный представитель в Сообществе заявляет в соответствии с Приложением II B, что они предназначены для включения в машинное оборудование или компоноваться с другим оборудованием, так, что в соединении они составят машинное оборудование, отвечающее требованиям настоящей Директивы, за исключением тех случаев, когда они могут функционировать независимо.

    "Взаимозаменяемое оборудование" в смысле третьего абзаца с черточкой в Статье 1 (2) (a) должно во всех случаях иметь маркировку "СЕ" и сопровождаться декларацией соответствия, определенной в Приложении II, пункте А.

    3. Member States may not prohibit, restrict or impede the placing on the market of safety components as defined in Article 1(2) where they are accompanied by an EC declaration of conformity by the manufacturer or his authorised representative established in the Community as referred to in Annex II, point C.

    3. Государства - члены не имеют права запрещать, ограничивать или препятствовать распространению на рынке компонентов безопасности, определенных Статьей 1 (2), если эти компоненты сопровождаются декларацией соответствия ЕС, заявленной изготовителем или его уполномоченным представителем в Сообществе, как определено в Приложении II, пункте С.

    Article 5
    1. Member States shall regard the following as conforming to all the provisions of this Directive, including the procedures for checking the conformity provided for in Chapter II:
    — machinery bearing the CE marking and accompanied by the EC declaration of conformity referred to in Annex II, point A,
    — safety components accompanied by the EC declaration of conformity referred to in Annex II, point C.

    Статья 5
    1. Государства - члены должны считать нижеследующее соответствующим всем положениям настоящей Директивы, включая процедуры проверки соответствия, предусмотренной в Главе II:
    - машинное оборудование, имеющее маркировку "СЕ" и сопровождаемое декларацией соответствия ЕС, как указано в Приложении II, пункте A;
    - компоненты безопасности, сопровождаемые декларацией соответствия ЕС, как указано в Приложении II, пункте C.

    При отсутствии гармонизированных стандартов Государства - члены должны предпринимать любые меры, которые они сочтут необходимыми, для привлечения внимания заинтересованных сторон к существующим национальным техническим стандартам и спецификациям, которые считаются важными или относятся к выполнению основных требований по обеспечению здоровья и безопасности в соответствии с Приложением 1.

    2. Where a national standard transposing a harmonised standard, the reference for which has been published in the Official Journal of the European Communities, covers one or more of the essential safety requirements, machinery or safety components constructed in accordance with this standard shall be presumed to comply with the relevant essential requirements.
    Member States shall publish the references of national standards transposing harmonised standards.

    2. В тех случаях, когда национальный стандарт, заменяющий гармонизированный стандарт, ссылка на который была опубликована в Официальном журнале Европейских сообществ, покрывает одно или несколько основных требований безопасности, машинное оборудование или компоненты безопасности, сконструированные в соответствии с таким стандартом, должны считаться соответствующими основным требованиям.
    Государства - члены должны публиковать ссылки на национальные стандарты, заменяющие гармонизированные стандарты.

    3. Member States shall ensure that appropriate measures are taken to enable the social partners to have an influence at national level on the process of preparing and monitoring the harmonised standards.

    3. Государства - члены должны обеспечивать принятие необходимых мер для того, чтобы их социальные партнеры получали возможность влиять на национальном уровне на процессы подготовки и отслеживания гармонизированных стандартов.

    Article 6
    1. Where a Member State or the Commission considers that the harmonised standards referred to in Article 5(2) do not entirely satisfy the essential requirements referred to in Article 3, the Commission or the Member State concerned shall bring the matter before the committee set up under Directive 83/189/EEC, giving the reasons therefor. The committee shall deliver an opinion without delay.
    Upon receipt of the committee’s opinion, the Commission shall inform the Member States whether or not it is necessary to withdraw those standards from the published information referred to in Article 5(2).

    Статья 6
    1. В случае, если Государство - член или Комиссия считают, что гармонизированные стандарты, рассмотренные в Статье 5 (2), не полностью соответствуют основным требованиям, определенным в Статье 3, Комиссия или заинтересованное Государство - член должны поставить этот вопрос на рассмотрение комитета, созданного в соответствии с Директивой 83/189/ЕЭС, обосновав причины такого обращения. Комитет должен безотлагательно вынести решение.
    После получения такого решения комитета Комиссия должна информировать Государства – члены, необходимо или нет отозвать эти стандарты из опубликованной информации, определенной в Статье 5 (2).

    2. A standing committee shall be set up, consisting of representatives appointed by the Member States and chaired by a representative of the Commission.

    The standing committee shall draw up its own rules of procedure.

    Any matter relating to the implementation and practical application of this Directive may be brought before the standing committee, in accordance with the following procedure:

    The representative of the Commission shall submit to the committee a draft of the measures to be taken. The committee shall deliver its opinion on the draft, within a time limit which the chairman may lay down according to the urgency of the matter, if necessary by taking a vote.

    The opinion shall be recorded in the minutes; in addition, each Member State shall have the right to ask to have its position recorded in the minutes.
    The Commission shall take the utmost account of the opinion delivered by the committee.
    It shall inform the committee of the manner in which its opinion has been taken into account.

    2. Должен быть создан постоянно действующий комитет, состоящий из представителей, назначенных Государствами – членами, и возглавляемый представителем Комиссии.

    Постоянно действующий комитет будет сам устанавливать порядок действий и процедуры.

    Любой вопрос, относящийся к выполнению и практическому применению настоящей Директивы, может быть поставлен на рассмотрение постоянно действующего комитета, в соответствии со следующими правилами:

    Представитель Комиссии должен представить комитету проект предполагаемых к принятию мер. Комитет должен выразить свое мнение по проекту за время, установленное председателем в соответствии со срочностью вопроса, при необходимости определяемого путем голосования.

    Это мнение должно быть зафиксировано в протоколе; кроме того, каждое Государство - член имеет право потребовать отразить свою позицию в протоколе. Комиссия должна максимально учитывать мнение, вынесенное комитетом.
    Она должна проинформировать комитет, каким образом было учтено его мнение.

    Article 7
    1. Where a Member State ascertains that:
    — machinery bearing the CE marking, or
    — safety components accompanied by the EC declaration of conformity, used in accordance with their intended purpose are liable to endanger the safety of persons, and, where appropriate, domestic animals or property, it shall take all appropriate measures to withdraw such machinery or safety components from the market, to prohibit the placing on the market, putting into service or use thereof, or to restrict free movement thereof.

    Member States shall immediately inform the Commission of any such measure, indicating the reason for its decision and, in particular, whether non-conformity is due to:
    (a) failure to satisfy the essential requirements referred to in Article 3;
    (b) incorrect application of the standards referred to in Article 5(2);
    (c) shortcomings in the standards themselves referred to in Article 5(2).

    Статья 7
    1. Если Государство - член устанавливает, что:
    - машинное оборудование, имеющее маркировку "СЕ", либо
    - компоненты безопасности, сопровождаемые декларацией соответствия ЕС, используемые в соответствии с их назначением, могут нести угрозу безопасности людям, и, если это имеет место, домашним животным или собственности, оно должно принять все необходимые меры для изъятия такого машинного оборудования, либо компонентов безопасности с рынка, запретить их поставку на рынок, ввод в эксплуатацию или использование, либо ограничить их свободное обращение.

    Государства - члены должны немедленно информировать Комиссию о любых подобных мерах, указать причины такого решения и, в особенности, информировать о том, явилось ли это несоответствие результатом:
    a) неспособности удовлетворить основным требованиям, определенным в Статье 3;
    b) неправильного применения стандартов, определенных в Статье 5 (п.2);
    c) недостатков самих стандартов, определенных в Статье 5 (п. 2).

    2. The Commission shall enter into consultation with the parties concerned without delay. Where the Commission considers, after this consultation, that the measure is justified, it shall immediately so inform the Member State which took the initiative and the other Member States. Where the Commission considers, after this consultation, that the action is unjustified, it shall immediately so inform the Member State which took the initiative and the manufacturer or his authorised representative established within the Community.

    Where the decision referred to in paragraph 1 is based on a shortcoming in the standards, and where the Member State at the origin of the decision maintains its position, the Commission shall immediately inform the committee in order to initiate the procedures referred to in Article 6(1).

    2. Комиссия должна безотлагательно провести консультацию с заинтересованными сторонами. В случае, если после проведения такой консультации, Комиссия полагает, что такая мера обоснована, она должна немедленно информировать об этом Государство - член, которое выдвинуло эту инициативу, а также остальные Государства - члены. Если Комиссия после проведения такой консультации полагает, что действия не были обоснованными, она немедленно извещает об этом Государство - член, проявившее инициативу, и изготовителя, либо его уполномоченного представителя в Сообществе.

    Если решение, указанное в параграфе 1, основано на недостатках в стандартах, и если Государство - член на основании такого решения сохраняет свои позиции, то Комиссия должна немедленно информировать комитет для того, чтобы начать процедуры, описанные в Статье 6 (п. 1).

    3. Where:
    — machinery which does not comply bears the CE marking,
    — a safety component which does not comply is accompanied by an EC declaration of conformity,
    the competent Member State shall take appropriate action against whom so ever has affixed the marking or drawn up the declaration and shall so inform the Commission and other Member States.

    3. Если:
    - машинное оборудование, не соответствующие требованиям, имеют маркировку "СЕ",
    - компоненты безопасности, не соответствующие требованиям, имеют декларацию соответствия ЕС,
    компетентное Государство - член должно начать соответствующие действия против любого, кто поставил маркировку, или составил декларацию, и должно проинформировать об этом Комиссию и другие Государства - члены.

    4. The Commission shall ensure that Member States are kept informed of the progress and outcome of this procedure.

    4. Комиссия должна обеспечить, чтобы Государства – члены были постоянно информированы о ходе и результатах данной процедуры.

    CHAPTER II
    CONFORMITY ASSESSMENT PROCEDURES
    Article 8

    1. The manufacturer or his authorised representative established in the Community must, in order to certify that machinery and safety components are in conformity with this Directive, draw up for all machinery or safety components manufactured an EC declaration of conformity based on the model given in Annex II, point A or C as appropriate.

    In addition, for machinery alone, the manufacturer or his authorised representatives established in the Community must affix to the machine the CE marking.

    Глава II
    Процедуры оценки соответствия
    Статья 8

    1. Для подтверждения того, что машинное оборудование, а также компоненты безопасности соответствуют положениям настоящей Директивы, изготовитель или его уполномоченный представитель в Сообществе должен составить декларацию ЕС о соответствии на произведенное машинное оборудование и компоненты безопасности по образцу, приведенному в Приложении II, соответственно пунктам A или C.

    Корме того, на машинное оборудование изготовитель или его уполномоченный представитель в Сообществе должен нанести маркировку "СЕ" в соответствии со Статьей 10.

    2. Before placing on the market, the manufacturer, or his authorised representative established in the Community, shall:
    (a) if the machinery is not referred to in Annex IV, draw up the file provided for in Annex V;
    (b) if the machinery is referred to in Annex IV and its manufacturer does not comply, or only partly complies, with the standards referred to in Article 5(2) or if there are no such standards, submit an example of the machinery for the EC type-examination referred to in Annex VI;
    (c) if the machinery is referred to in Annex IV and is manufactured in accordance with the standards referred to in Article 5(2):
    — either draw up the file referred to in Annex VI and forward it to a notified body, which will acknowledge receipt of the file as soon as possible and keep it,
    — submit the file referred to in Annex VI to the notified body, which will simply verify that the standards referred to in Article 5(2) have been correctly applied and will draw up a certificate of adequacy for the file,
    — or submit the example of the machinery for the EC type-examination referred to in Annex VI.

    2. Перед поставкой на рынок изготовитель или его уполномоченный представитель в Сообществе должен:
    (a) в случае, если машинное оборудование не указано в Приложении IV, составить документацию, предусмотренную Приложением V;
    (b) если машинное оборудование указано в Приложении IV, и их изготовитель не выполняет, либо выполняет лишь частично требования стандартов, упомянутых в Статье 5 (2), либо, если таких стандартов не существует, то представить образец машинного оборудования для его испытания ЕС, определенного в Приложении VI;
    (c) если машинное оборудование указано в Приложении IV и изготовлено в соответствии со стандартами, определенными в Статье 5 (п. 2):
    - либо составить документацию, указанную в Приложении VI, и передать ее нотифицированному органу, который подтверждает получение документации в возможно короткие сроки, а также сохраняет ее;
    - представить документацию, указанную в Приложении VI, нотифицированному органу, который просто проверит, что стандарты, упомянутые в Статье 5 (2), были применены правильно и составит сертификат соответствия по этой документации;
    - либо представить образец машинного оборудования для испытания ЕС типового образца, определенного в Приложении VI.

    3. Where the first indent of paragraph 2(c) of this Article applies, the provisions of the first sentence of paragraphs 5 and 7 of Annex VI shall also apply.

    Where the second indent of paragraph 2(c) of this Article applies, the provisions of paragraphs 5, 6 and 7 of Annex VI shall also apply.

    3. В тех случаях, когда может быть применен первый абзац параграфа 2 (с) этой Статьи должны также применяться положения первого предложения параграфов 5 и 7 Приложения VI.

    В тех случаях, когда может быть применен второй абзац пункта 2 (с), должны также применяться положения параграфов 5, 6 и 7 Приложения VI.

    4. Where paragraph 2(a) and the first and second indents of paragraph 2(c) apply, the EC declaration of conformity shall solely state conformity with the essential requirements of the Directive.

    Where paragraph 2(b) and the third indent of paragraph 2(c) apply, the EC declaration of conformity shall state conformity with the example that underwent EC type-examination.

    4. В тех случаях, когда применяется параграф 2 (а) и первый и второй абзацы параграфа 2 (c), декларация ЕС о соответствии должна удостоверить соответствие основным требованиям настоящей Директивы.

    В случае, когда применяется параграф 2 (b) и третий абзац параграфа 2 (c), декларация ЕС о соответствии должна удостоверить соответствие образцу, прошедшему испытание ЕС типового образца.

    5. Safety components shall be subject to the certification procedures applicable to machinery pursuant to paragraphs 2, 3 and 4. Furthermore, during EC type-examination, the notified body shall verify the suitability of the safety component for fulfilling the safety functions declared by the manufacturer.

    5.Компоненты безопасности должны подвергаться процедурам сертификации, применимым к машинному оборудованию в соответствии с параграфами 2, 3, 4. Более того, во время испытания ЕС типового образца нотифицированный орган должен проверить пригодность компонентов безопасности для выполнения тех функций безопасности, которые заявлены изготовителем.

    6. (a) Where the machinery is subject to other Directives concerning other aspects and which also provide for the affixing of the CE marking, the latter shall indicate that the machinery is also presumed to conform to the provisions of those other Directives.
    (b) However, where one or more of those Directives allow the manufacturer, during a transitional period, to choose which arrangements to apply, the CE marking shall indicate conformity only to the Directives applied by the manufacturer. In this case, particulars of the Directives applied, as published in the Official Journal of the European Communities, must be given in the documents, notices or instructions required by the directives and accompanying such machinery.

    6. (a) В тех случаях, когда машинное оборудование подпадает под действие Директив по другим аспектам, которые также предусматривают нанесение маркировки "СЕ", последняя указывает, что такое машинное оборудование соответствуют положениям этих прочих директив.
    (b) Тем не менее, когда одна или несколько таких Директив позволяют изготовителям в течение переходного периода выбирать, какие из положений применить, маркировка "СЕ" будет указывать на соответствие только тем Директивам, которые применялись изготовителем. В этом случае подробная информация о примененных Директивах, опубликованных в Официальном журнале Европейских сообществ, должен приводиться в документах, аннотациях или инструкциях, требуемых в соответствии с Директивами, и сопровождать такое машинное оборудование.

    7. Where neither the manufacturer nor his authorised representative established in the Community fulfils the obligations of paragraphs 1 to 6, these obligations shall fall to any person placing the machinery or safety component on the market in the Community. The same obligations shall apply to any person assembling machinery or parts thereof or safety components of various origins or constructing machinery or safety components for his own use.

    7. Если ни изготовитель, ни его уполномоченный представитель в Сообществе не выполнят своих обязательств по предыдущим параграфам, то эти обязательства должны быть выполнены любыми лицами, поставляющими машинное оборудование или компоненты безопасности на рынок Сообщества. Такие же обязательства возлагаются на любые лица, осуществляющие сборку машинного оборудования, либо его частей или компонентов безопасности различного происхождения, либо создающие машинное оборудование или компоненты безопасности для собственного пользования.

    8. The obligations referred to in paragraph 7 shall not apply to persons who assemble with a machine or tractor interchangeable equipment as provided for in Article 1, provided that the parts are compatible and each of the constituent parts of the assembled machine bears the CE marking and is accompanied by the EC declaration of conformity.

    8. Обязательства, изложенные в параграфе 7, не применяются к лицам, которые собирают с машиной, механизмом или транспортным средством взаимозаменяемое оборудование, указанное в Статье 1, при условии, что эти части совместимы, и каждая из частей машины в сборе имеет маркировку "СЕ" и Декларацию ЕС о соответствии.

    Article 9
    1. Member States shall notify the Commission and the other Member States of the approved bodies which they have appointed to carry out the procedures referred to in Article 8 together with the specific tasks which these bodies have been appointed to carry out and the identification numbers assigned to them beforehand by the Commission.
    The Commission shall publish in the Official Journal of the European Communities a list of the notified bodies and their identification numbers and the tasks for which they have been notified. The Commission shall ensure that this list is kept up to date.

    Статья 9
    1. Государства - члены должны уведомить Комиссию и другие Государства - члены об утвержденных органах, которые назначаются для выполнения процедур, описанных в Статье 8, также как и для различных особых задач, которые этим органам предназначено выполнять, и об идентификационных номерах, предварительно присвоенных им Комиссией.

    В Официальном журнале Европейских сообществ Комиссия должна публиковать список таких нотифицированных органов и их идентификационные номера, а также задачи, для решения которых они предназначены. Комиссия должна обеспечить своевременность обновления списка.

    2. Member States shall apply the criteria laid down in Annex VII in assessing the bodies to be indicated in such notification. Bodies meeting the assessment criteria laid down in the relevant harmonised standards shall be presumed to fulfil those criteria.

    2. Государства - члены должны применять критерии, изложенные в Приложении VII, для определения органов, которые будут указаны в таких назначениях. Органы, удовлетворяющие критериям, изложенным в соответствующих гармонизированных стандартах, считаются соответствующими критериям.

    3. A Member State which has approved a body must withdraw its notification if it finds that the body no longer meets the criteria referred to in Annex VII. It shall immediately inform the Commission and the other Member States accordingly.

    3. Государство - член, утвердившее такой орган, должно отменить его назначение, если оно обнаружит, что он больше не соответствует критериям, изложенным в Приложении VII. Государство - член должно немедленно известить об этом Комиссию и другие Государства - члены.

    CHAPTER III
    CE MARKING
    Article 10
    1. The CE conformity marking shall consist of the initials ‘CE’. The form of the marking to be used is shown in Annex III.

    ГЛАВА III
    МАРКИРОВКА "СЕ"
    Статья 10
    1. Маркировка "СЕ" состоит из заглавных букв "СЕ". Форма маркировки, которая будет использоваться, указана в Приложении III.

    2. The CE marking shall be affixed to machinery distinctly and visibly in accordance with point 1.7.3 of Annex I.

    2. Маркировка "СЕ" должна наноситься на машинное оборудование четко, на видном месте в соответствии с пунктом 1.7.3. Приложения I.

    3. The affixing of markings on the machinery which are likely to deceive third parties as to the meaning and form of the CE marking shall be prohibited. Any other marking may be affixed to the machinery provided that the visibility and legibility of the CE marking is not thereby reduced.

    3. Нанесение маркировок на машинное оборудование таким образом, что это может ввести в заблуждение относительно значения и формы маркировки "СЕ", запрещено. Любые другие маркировки могут быть нанесены на машинное оборудование таким образом, чтобы не мешать видимости и различимости маркировки "СЕ".

    4. Without prejudice to Article 7:
    (a) where a Member State establishes that the CE marking has been affixed unduly, the manufacturer or his authorised representative established within the Community shall be obliged to make the product conform as regards the provisions concerning the CE marking and to end the infringement under the conditions imposed by the Member State;

    (b) where non-conformity continues, the Member State must take all appropriate measures to restrict or prohibit the placing on the market of the product in question or to ensure that it is withdrawn from the market in accordance with the procedure laid down in Article 7.

    4. Без ограничения применения Статьи 7:
    (a) если Государство - член устанавливает, что маркировка "СЕ" была нанесена неправильно, изготовитель или его уполномоченный представитель в Сообществе будет обязан привести продукцию в соответствии с положениями, касающимися маркировки "СЕ" и положить конец нарушениям на условиях, установленных Государством - членом;

    (b) если такое несоответствие будет продолжаться, то Государство - член должно принять все соответствующие меры для ограничения или запрещения поставки на рынок такой продукции, либо обеспечить изъятие ее с рынка в соответствии с процедурами, изложенными в Статье 7.

    CHAPTER IV
    FINAL PROVISIONS
    Article 11

    Any decision taken pursuant to this Directive which restricts the placing on the market and putting into service of machinery or a safety component shall state the exact grounds on which it is based. Such a decision shall be notified as soon as possible to the party concerned, who shall at the same time be informed of the legal remedies available to him under the laws in force in the Member State concerned and of the time limits to which such remedies are subject.

    ГЛАВА IV
    ЗАКЛЮЧИТЕЛЬНЫЕ ПОЛОЖЕНИЯ
    Статья 11

    Любое решение, принятое в исполнение настоящей Директивы, ограничивающее поставку на рынок и ввод в эксплуатацию машинного оборудования или компонентов безопасности, должно указывать точные причины, на которых оно основано. Такое решение должно быть по возможности быстро доведено до сведения заинтересованных сторон, их также следует проинформировать о законных мерах, которые могут быть предприняты по действующему законодательству в соответствующем Государстве - члене и о сроках, в которые данные меры применяются.

    Article 12
    The Commission will take the necessary steps to have information on all the relevant decisions relating to the management of this Directive made available.

    Статья 12
    Комиссия предпримет все необходимые шаги для получения информации по всем соответствующим решениям, касающимся применения и распространения настоящей Директивы.

    Article 13
    1. Member States shall communicate to the Commission the texts of the provisions of national law which they adopt in the field governed by this Directive.

    2. The Commission shall, before 1 January 1994, examine the progress made in the standardisation work relating to this Directive and propose any appropriate measures.

    Статья 13
    1. Государства - члены должны передать Комиссии тексты положений национальных законодательных актов, принимаемых в сфере, определяемой настоящей Директивой.

    2. Комиссия должна до 1 января 1994 г. изучить развитие работ по стандартизации, относящиеся к области действия настоящей Директивы и предложить любые целесообразные меры.

    Тематики

    EN

     

    машины
    оборудование


    [Я.Н.Лугинский, М.С.Фези-Жилинская, Ю.С.Кабиров. Англо-русский словарь по электротехнике и электроэнергетике, Москва]

    машины
    Машина представляет собой аппарат, использующий или применяющий механическую энергию, состоящий из нескольких частей — каждая со своими определенными функциями, которые вместе выполняют некоторые виды работ. Для целей анализа это понятие включает отдельные машины или наборы машин. См. Машины и оборудование (МСО)
    [ http://slovar-lopatnikov.ru/]

    Тематики

    Синонимы

    EN

     

    машины и оборудование

    [ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

    машины и оборудование
    МСО
    Часть основных фондов компании (предприятия), которая включает устройства, преобразующие энергию, материалы и информацию. В аналитической и оценочной практике в общее понятие М. и о. включаются отдельно оцениваемые установки, машины, оборудование и транспортные средства, подразделяемые на виды, а каждый вид – на марки (последним термином для краткости можно обозначать разные модели и модификации машины). Разные марки машин одного вида используются для одних и тех же целей: они способны производить одну и ту же продукцию, выполнять одни и те же работы или оказывать одни и те же услуги ( в противном случае их надо относить в другому виду машин), а следовательно, «взаимозаменяемы» и являются товарами, конкурирующими между собой на рынке Рынок машин каждого вида делится на первичный (новые М..) и вторичный (бывшие в эксплуатации), для которых применяются разные оценочные приемы и инструменты.. М.и о. являются главным объектом инвестирования при разработке и реализации инвестиционного проекта, и, соответственно, одним из основных элементов оценки инвестиционных проектов. Важно, что в отличие от ценных бумаг, акций, М.и о. являются объектами реальных инвестиций, а не финансовых инвестиций.
    [ http://slovar-lopatnikov.ru/]

    EN

    machinery
    A group of parts or machines arranged to perform a useful function. (Source: MGH)
    [http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

    Тематики

    Синонимы

    EN

    DE

    FR

     

    механизм
    Совокупность подвижно соединённых звеньев, совершающих под действием приложенных сил заранее определённые целесообразные движения
    [Терминологический словарь по строительству на 12 языках (ВНИИИС Госстроя СССР)]

    машины, механизмы

    Совокупность связанных между собой частей и устройств, как минимум одно из которых движется, имеет соответствующий привод, органы управления и энергетические узлы, соединенные вместе для определенного применения, например для обработки, переработки, производства, транспортирования или упаковки материалов.
    Термины «машина» и «механизм» также распространяются на совокупность машин, которые размещаются и управляются таким образом, чтобы функционировать как единое целое.
    Примечание
    В приложении А приведено общее схематическое изображение машины.
    [ ГОСТ Р ИСО 12100-1:2007]

    EN

    DE

    FR

     

    оборудование
    Совокупность связанных между собой частей или устройств, из которых по крайней мере одно движется, а также элементы привода, управления и энергетические узлы, которые предназначены для определенного применения, в частности для обработки, производства, перемещения или упаковки материала. К термину «оборудование» относят также машину и совокупность машин, которые так устроены и управляемы, что они функционируют как единое целое для достижения одной и той же цели.
    [ГОСТ ЕН 1070-2003]

    оборудование
    -

    [IEV number 151-11-25 ]

    оборудование
    Оснащение, материалы, приспособления, устройства, механизмы, приборы, инструменты и другие принадлежности, используемые в качестве частей электрической установки или в соединении с ней.
    [ ГОСТ Р МЭК 60204-1-2007]

    EN

    equipment
    single apparatus or set of devices or apparatuses, or the set of main devices of an installation, or all devices necessary to perform a specific task
    NOTE – Examples of equipment are a power transformer, the equipment of a substation, measuring equipment.
    [IEV number 151-11-25 ]

    equipment
    material, fittings, devices, components, appliances, fixtures, apparatus, and the like used as part of, or in connection with, the electrical equipment of machines
    [IEC 60204-1-2006]

    FR

    équipement, m
    matériel, m
    appareil unique ou ensemble de dispositifs ou appareils, ou ensemble des dispositifs principaux d'une installation, ou ensemble des dispositifs nécessaires à l'accomplissement d'une tâche particulière
    NOTE – Des exemples d’équipement ou de matériel sont un transformateur de puissance, l’équipement d’une sous-station, un équipement de mesure.
    [IEV number 151-11-25]

    Тематики

    EN

    DE

    FR

     

    организационный аппарат

    [ http://www.iks-media.ru/glossary/index.html?glossid=2400324]

    Тематики

    • электросвязь, основные понятия

    EN

    3.26 машины (machinery): Устройство, состоящее из соединенных между собой частей или компонентов, по крайней мере, один из которых движется, с соответствующими исполнительными механизмами, силовыми цепями и цепями управления и т.д., объединенных вместе в целях конкретного применения, в частности, для обработки, переработки, перемещения или упаковки материала (материал означает эквивалент вещества или изделия).

    Термин «машины» одновременно означает совокупность машин и механизмов, которые для достижения одной и той же цели установлены и управляются таким образом, что они функционируют как единое целое.

    Источник: ГОСТ Р ЕН 1127-2-2009: Взрывоопасные среды. Взрывозащита и предотвращение взрыва. Часть 2. Основополагающая концепция и методология (для подземных выработок)

    Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > machinery

  • 11 that

    1. adjective,
    pl. those
    1) dieser/diese/dieses
    2) (expr. strong feeling) der/die/das

    never will I forget that dayden Tag werde ich nie vergessen

    3) (coupled or contrasted with ‘this’) der/die/das [da]
    2. pronoun,
    pl. those
    1) der/die/das

    who is that in the garden? — wer ist das [da] im Garten?

    what bird is that?was für ein Vogel ist das?

    and [all] that — und so weiter

    like that(of the kind or in the way mentioned, of that character) so

    [just] like that — (without effort, thought) einfach so

    don't talk like that — hör auf, so zu reden

    he is like thatso ist er eben

    that is [to say] — (introducing explanation) das heißt; (introducing reservation) das heißt; genauer gesagt

    if they'd have me, that is — das heißt, wenn sie mich nehmen

    that's more like it(of suggestion, news) das hört sich schon besser an; (of action, work) das sieht schon besser aus

    that's right!(expr. approval) gut od. recht so; (iron.) nur so weiter!; (coll.): (expr. assent) jawohl

    that's a good etc. boy/girl — das ist lieb [von dir, mein Junge/Mädchen]; (with request) sei so lieb usw.

    somebody/something is not as... as all that — (coll.) so... ist jemand/etwas nun auch wieder nicht

    [so] that's that — (it's finished) so, das wär's; (it's settled) so ist es nun mal

    you are not going to the party, and that's that! — du gehst nicht zu der Party, und damit Schluss!

    2) (Brit.): (person spoken to)

    who is that? — wer ist da?; (behind wall etc.) wer ist denn da?; (on telephone) wer ist am Apparat?

    3. relative pronoun, pl. same
    der/die/das

    the people that you got it fromdie Leute, von denen du es bekommen hast

    the box that you put the apples in — die Kiste, in die du die Äpfel getan hast

    is he the man that you saw last night? — ist das der Mann, den Sie gestern Abend gesehen haben?

    everyone that I know — jeder, den ich kenne

    this is all [the money] that I have — das ist alles [Geld], was ich habe

    4. adverb
    (coll.) so

    he may be daft, but he's not [all] that daft — er mag ja blöd sein, aber so blöd [ist er] auch wieder nicht

    5. relative adverb
    der/die/das

    at the speed that he was going — bei der Geschwindigkeit, die er hatte

    the day that I first met her — der Tag, an dem ich sie zum ersten Mal sah

    6. conjunction
    1) (introducing statement; expr. result, reason or cause) dass
    2) (expr. purpose)

    [in order] that — damit

    * * *
    1. [ðæt] plural - those; adjective
    (used to indicate a person, thing etc spoken of before, not close to the speaker, already known to the speaker and listener etc: Don't take this book - take that one; At that time, I was living in Italy; When are you going to return those books?) jene/-r/-s
    2. pronoun
    (used to indicate a thing etc, or (in plural or with the verb be) person or people, spoken of before, not close to the speaker, already known to the speaker and listener etc: What is that you've got in your hand?; Who is that?; That is the Prime Minister; Those present at the concert included the composer and his wife.) der/die/das
    3. [ðət, ðæt] relative pronoun
    (used to refer to a person, thing etc mentioned in a preceding clause in order to distinguish it from others: Where is the parcel that arrived this morning?; Who is the man( that) you were talking to?) der/die/das
    4. [ðət, ðæt] conjunction
    1) ((often omitted) used to report what has been said etc or to introduce other clauses giving facts, reasons, results etc: I know (that) you didn't do it; I was surprised( that) he had gone.) daß
    2) (used to introduce expressions of sorrow, wishes etc: That I should be accused of murder!; Oh, that I were with her now!) daß(doch)
    5. adverb
    (so; to such an extent: I didn't realize she was that ill.) so
    - academic.ru/117188/like_that">like that
    - that's that
    * * *
    [ðæt,ðət]
    1. (person, thing specified) der/die/das
    put \that box down before you drop it stell die Kiste ab, bevor du sie [womöglich] noch fallen lässt
    who is \that girl? wer ist das Mädchen?
    what was \that noise? was war das für ein Geräusch?
    \that old liar! dieser alte Lügner!
    \that... of hers/theirs ihr(e)...
    I've never liked \that uncle of hers ich habe ihren Onkel noch nie gemocht
    \that... of mine/his mein(e)/dein(e)...
    2. (person, thing farther away) der/die/das [... dort [o da]], jene(r, s) geh
    do you know \that girl [over there] kennst du das Mädchen [dort]
    give me \that book, not this one gib mir das Buch [da], nicht dieses
    1. dem (person, thing, action specified) das
    \that's not rightthree times five is fifteen das stimmt nicht — drei mal fünf ist fünfzehn
    they all think \that das denken alle
    \that's more like it! das ist doch schon gleich viel besser!
    \that's a good idea das ist eine gute Idee
    \that's a pity das ist aber schade
    \that's terrible das ist ja furchtbar
    \that will do, \that's enough das reicht
    what's \that you said? was hast du gesagt?
    who's \that? is \that the girl you're looking for? wer ist das? ist das das Mädchen, das du suchst?
    who's \that on the phone? wer spricht da?
    hello, is \that Ben? hallo, bist du das, Ben?
    is \that you making all the noise, John? bist du das, der so einen Lärm macht, John?
    it's just a gimmick — \that said, I'd love to do it das ist nur ein Trick — dennoch würde ich es gerne machen
    take \that! (when hitting sb) [das ist] für dich!
    \that's why deshalb
    2. dem (person, thing farther away) das [da [o dort]]
    I don't want this, give me \that dies hier will ich nicht, gib mir das [da]
    \that's his wife over there das da [o dort] drüben ist seine Frau
    3. dem (indicating time) das
    ah, 1985, \that was a good year ah, 1985, das war ein gutes Jahr
    \that was yesterday \that we talked on the phone, not last week wir haben gestern, nicht letzte Woche telefoniert
    4. dem, after prep
    after/before \that danach/davor
    by \that damit
    what do you mean by \that? was soll das heißen?
    like \that (in such a way) so; (of such a kind) derartig; ( fam: effortlessly) einfach so
    if you hold it like \that, it will break wenn du das so hältst, geht es kaputt
    we need more people like \that wir brauchen mehr solche Leute
    don't talk like \that sprich nicht so
    he can't just leave like \that er kann nicht einfach so verschwinden
    over/under \that darüber/darunter
    with \that damit
    [and] with \that he hung up [und] damit legte er auf
    “I still think you're wrong” he said and with \that he drove off „ich denke immer noch, dass du Unrecht hast“ sagte er und fuhr davon
    5. dem ( form: the one) der/die/das
    his appearance was \that of an undergrown man er sah aus, als ob er zu klein gewachsen wäre
    his handwriting is \that of a child seine Handschrift ist die eines Kindes
    we are often afraid of \that which we cannot understand wir fürchten uns oft vor dem, was wir nicht verstehen
    are you relieved? — [oh yes,]I am \that bist du erleichtert? — das kannst du [aber] laut sagen fam
    well, \that's it, we've finished o.k., das war's [o wär's], wir sind fertig
    \that's it! I'm not putting up with any more of her rudeness jetzt reicht's! ich lasse mir ihre Unverschämtheiten nicht mehr gefallen
    she left the room and \that was \that, I never saw her again sie verließ den Raum und das war's, ich habe sie nie wiedergesehen
    I won't agree to it and \that's \that ich stimme dem nicht zu, und damit Schluss
    \that'll [or \that should] do, \that should be enough das wird reichen
    no thanks, \that'll do [or \that's everything] nein danke, das ist alles
    8. rel (which, who) der/die/das
    \that's the car [\that] John wants to buy das ist das Auto, das John kaufen möchte
    I can't find the books [\that] I got from the library ich finde die Bücher nicht, die ich mir aus der Bibliothek ausgeliehen habe
    the baby smiles at anyone \that smiles at her das Baby lächelt alle an, die es anlächeln
    simpleton \that he is... als Einfaltspinsel, der er ist,...
    9. rel (when) als
    the year \that Anna was born das Jahr, in dem Anna geboren wurde
    10.
    and [all] \that ( fam) und so weiter
    at \that noch dazu
    she was a thief and a clever one at \that sie war eine Diebin, und eine kluge noch dazu
    \that is [to say] das heißt
    the hotel is closed during low seasons, \that is from October to March das Hotel ist in der Nebensaison, sprich von Oktober bis März, geschlossen
    this and \that dies und das
    \that was ( form)
    General Dunstaple married Miss Hughes \that was General Dunstaple heiratete die frühere Miss Hughes
    1. (as subject/object) dass
    \that such a thing could happen gave me new hope dass so etwas passieren konnte gab mir neue Hoffnung
    I knew [\that] he'd never get here on time ich wusste, dass er niemals rechtzeitig hier sein würde
    the fact is [\that] we... Fakt ist, dass wir...
    2. after adj, vb (as a result)
    it was so dark [\that] I couldn't see anything es war so dunkel, dass ich nichts sehen konnte
    so [or in order] \that damit
    let's go over the rules again in order \that... gehen wir die Regeln nochmal[s] durch, damit...
    4. after adj (in apposition to ‘it’)
    it's possible [\that] there'll be a vacancy es ist möglich, dass eine Stelle frei wird
    is it true [\that] she's gone back to teaching? stimmt es, dass sie wieder als Lehrerin arbeitet?
    considering [\that]... wenn man bedenkt, dass...
    given \that... vorausgesetzt, dass...
    supposing [\that]... angenommen, dass...
    6. (as a reason) weil, da [ja]
    it's rather \that I'm not well today es ist eher deshalb, weil ich mich heute nicht wohl fühle
    I'd like to go, it's just \that I don't have any time ich würde ja gern hingehen, ich hab' bloß [einfach] keine Zeit fam
    now \that we've bought a house... jetzt, wo wir ein Haus gekauft haben..
    we can't increase our production quantities in \that the machines are presently working to full capacity wir können die Produktion nicht hochfahren, da [nämlich] die Maschinen derzeit voll ausgelastet sind
    not \that it's actually my business, but... nicht, dass es mich etwas anginge, aber...
    except [\that] außer, dass
    his plan sounds perfect except [\that] I don't want to be involved in such a scheme sein Plan hört sich großartig an, nur will ich mit so einem Vorhaben nichts zu tun haben
    to the extent \that (so much that) dermaßen... dass; (insofar as) insofern als
    the situation has worsened to the extend \that we are calling in an independent expert die Situation hat sich dermaßen verschlimmert, dass wir einen unabhängigen Fachmann hinzuziehen
    apes are like people to the extent \that they have some human characteristics Affen sind wie Menschen, insofern als sie gewisse menschliche Eigenschaften haben
    oh \that I were young again! wäre ich doch nochmal jung!
    oh \that they would listen! wenn sie [doch] nur zuhören würden!
    IV. ADVERB
    inv so
    she's too young to walk \that far sie ist zu jung, um so weit laufen zu können
    it wasn't [all] \that good so gut war es [nun] auch wieder nicht
    his words hurt me \that much I cried seine Worte haben mich so verletzt, dass ich weinte
    * * *
    I [ðt] (weak form) [ðət]
    1. dem pron pl those
    1) das

    that is Joe ( over there) —

    who is that speaking? — wer spricht (denn) da?; (on phone)

    if she's as unhappy/stupid etc as (all) that — wenn sie so or derart unglücklich/dumm etc ist

    I didn't think she'd get/be as angry as that — ich hätte nicht gedacht, dass sie sich so ärgern würde

    ... and all that —... und so (inf)

    like that — so

    with luck/talent like that... — bei solchem or so einem (inf) Glück/Talent...

    that's got that/him out of the way — so, das wäre geschafft/den wären wir los

    that's what I'm here fordafür bin ich ja hier, das ist meine Aufgabe

    oh well, that's that —

    there, that's that — so, das wärs

    you can't go and that's that — du darfst nicht gehen, und damit hat sichs or und damit basta (inf)

    well, that's that then — das wärs dann also

    will he come? – that he will (dial) — kommt er? – (der?) bestimmt

    2)

    (after prep) after/before/below/over that — danach/davor/darunter/darüber

    and... at that — und dabei...

    you can get it in any supermarket and quite cheaply at thatman kann es in jedem Supermarkt, und zwar ganz billig, bekommen

    what do you mean by that? (not understanding) — was wollen Sie damit sagen?; (amazed, annoyed) was soll (denn) das heißen?

    if things have or if it has come to that —

    with that she got up and left/burst into tears — damit stand sie auf und ging/brach sie in Tränen aus

    See:
    leave
    3) (opposed to "this" and "these") das (da), jenes (old, geh)

    that's the one I like, not this one — das (dort) mag ich, nicht dies (hier)

    4)

    (followed by rel pron) this theory is different from that which... — diese Theorie unterscheidet sich von derjenigen, die...

    that which we call... — das, was wir... nennen

    2. dem adj pl those
    1) der/die/das, jene(r, s)

    that child/dog! — dieses Kind/dieser Hund!

    2) (in opposition to this) der/die/das

    I'd like that one, not this one — ich möchte das da, nicht dies hier

    3)

    (with poss) that dog of yours! — Ihr Hund, dieser Hund von Ihnen

    what about that plan of yours now? — wie steht es denn jetzt mit Ihrem Plan?, was ist denn nun mit Ihrem Plan?

    3. dem adv (inf)
    so

    it's not that good/cold etc —

    it's not that good a filmSO ein guter Film ist es nun auch wieder nicht

    II
    rel pron
    1) der/die/das, die

    all/nothing/everything etc that... — alles/nichts/alles etc, was...

    the best/cheapest etc that... — das Beste/Billigste etc, das or was...

    the girl that I told you about — das Mädchen, von dem ich Ihnen erzählt habe

    no-one has come that I know of — meines Wissens or soviel ich weiß, ist niemand gekommen

    2)

    (with expressions of time) the minute that he came the phone rang — genau in dem Augenblick, als er kam, klingelte das Telefon

    the day that we spent on the beach was one of the hottest — der Tag, den wir am Strand verbrachten, war einer der heißesten

    the day that... — an dem Tag, als...

    III
    conj
    1) dass

    he said that it was wrong — er sagte, es sei or wäre (inf) falsch, er sagte, dass es falsch sei or wäre

    not that I want to do it — nicht (etwa), dass ich das tun wollte

    See:
    so
    2)

    (in exclamations) that things or it should come to this! —

    3) (obs, liter: in order that) auf dass (old)
    * * *
    that1 [ðæt]
    A pron & adj (hinweisend) pl those [ðəʊz]
    1. (ohne pl) das:
    that is true das stimmt;
    that’s all das ist alles;
    that’s it!
    a) so ists recht!,
    b) das ist es ja (gerade)!;
    that’s what it is das ist es ja gerade;
    that’s that umg das wäre erledigt, damit basta;
    well, that was that! umg aus der Traum!;
    that is (to say) das heißt;
    and that und zwar;
    a) trotzdem,
    b) zudem, (noch) obendrein;
    for all that trotz alledem;
    that’s what he told me so hat er es mir erzählt;
    that’s a good boy sei schön brav!; leave1 A 2
    2. (besonders von weiter entfernten Personen etc sowie zur Betonung und pej) jener, jene, jenes:
    this cake is much better than that (one) dieser Kuchen ist viel besser als jener;
    that car over there das Auto da drüben;
    look at that hat schau dir mal diesen komischen Hut an!;
    those who diejenigen, welche;
    that which das, was;
    those were his words das waren seine Worte
    3. solch(er, e, es):
    to that degree that … in solchem Ausmaße oder so sehr, dass …
    B adv umg so (sehr), dermaßen:
    that far so weit;
    that furious so oder dermaßen wütend;
    not all that good so gut auch wieder nicht;
    he can’t be that ill so krank kann er gar nicht sein;
    that much so viel;
    it’s that simple so einfach ist das
    that2 [ðət; ðæt] pl that rel pr
    1. ( in einschränkenden Sätzen; eine präp darf nie davor stehen) der, die, das, welch(er, e, es):
    the book that he wanted das Buch, das er wünschte;
    the man that I spoke of der Mann, von dem ich sprach;
    the day that I met her der Tag, an dem ich sie traf;
    any house that jedes Haus, das;
    no one that keiner, der;
    Mrs Jones, Miss Black that was umg Frau Jones, geborene Black;
    Mrs Quilp that is umg die jetzige Frau Quilp
    2. ( nach all, everything, nothing etc) was:
    all that alles, was;
    the best that das Beste, was
    that3 [ðət; ðæt] konj
    it is a pity that he is not here es ist schade, dass er nicht hier ist;
    it is 5 years that he went away es ist nun 5 Jahre her, dass oder seitdem er fortging;
    I am not sure that it will be there ich bin nicht sicher, ob oder dass es dort ist oder sein wird
    so that sodass;
    I was so tired that I went to bed ich war so müde, dass ich zu Bett ging
    3. (in Finalsätzen) damit, dass:
    we went there that we might see it wir gingen hin, um es zu sehen
    4. (in Kausalsätzen) weil, da (ja), dass:
    not that I have any objection nicht, dass ich etwas dagegen hätte;
    it is rather that … es ist eher deshalb, weil …;
    a) darum, weil,
    b) insofern, als
    o that I could believe it! dass ich es doch glauben könnte!
    now that jetzt, da;
    at the time that I was born zu der Zeit, als ich geboren wurde
    * * *
    1. adjective,
    pl. those
    1) dieser/diese/dieses
    2) (expr. strong feeling) der/die/das
    3) (coupled or contrasted with ‘this’) der/die/das [da]
    2. pronoun,
    pl. those
    1) der/die/das

    who is that in the garden? — wer ist das [da] im Garten?

    and [all] that — und so weiter

    like that(of the kind or in the way mentioned, of that character) so

    [just] like that — (without effort, thought) einfach so

    don't talk like that — hör auf, so zu reden

    that is [to say] — (introducing explanation) das heißt; (introducing reservation) das heißt; genauer gesagt

    if they'd have me, that is — das heißt, wenn sie mich nehmen

    that's more like it(of suggestion, news) das hört sich schon besser an; (of action, work) das sieht schon besser aus

    that's right!(expr. approval) gut od. recht so; (iron.) nur so weiter!; (coll.): (expr. assent) jawohl

    that's a good etc. boy/girl — das ist lieb [von dir, mein Junge/Mädchen]; (with request) sei so lieb usw.

    somebody/something is not as... as all that — (coll.) so... ist jemand/etwas nun auch wieder nicht

    [so] that's that — (it's finished) so, das wär's; (it's settled) so ist es nun mal

    you are not going to the party, and that's that! — du gehst nicht zu der Party, und damit Schluss!

    2) (Brit.): (person spoken to)

    who is that? — wer ist da?; (behind wall etc.) wer ist denn da?; (on telephone) wer ist am Apparat?

    3. relative pronoun, pl. same
    der/die/das

    the people that you got it from — die Leute, von denen du es bekommen hast

    the box that you put the apples in — die Kiste, in die du die Äpfel getan hast

    is he the man that you saw last night? — ist das der Mann, den Sie gestern Abend gesehen haben?

    everyone that I know — jeder, den ich kenne

    this is all [the money] that I have — das ist alles [Geld], was ich habe

    4. adverb
    (coll.) so

    he may be daft, but he's not [all] that daft — er mag ja blöd sein, aber so blöd [ist er] auch wieder nicht

    5. relative adverb
    der/die/das

    at the speed that he was going — bei der Geschwindigkeit, die er hatte

    the day that I first met her — der Tag, an dem ich sie zum ersten Mal sah

    6. conjunction
    1) (introducing statement; expr. result, reason or cause) dass
    2) (expr. purpose)

    [in order] that — damit

    * * *
    adj.
    dasjenig pron.
    dies adj. conj.
    dass konj. pron.
    das pron.
    derjenig pron.
    diejenig pron.
    dies pron.
    welch pron.
    welcher pron.
    welches pron.

    English-german dictionary > that

  • 12 обсуждать

    (= обсудить, рассматривать, см. также обсуждаться) discuss, examine, consider, regard, analyze, argue, be concerned with, deal with, inspect, give consideration to, review, look upon, treat
    А теперь мы обсудим это несколько полнее. - We now give a somewhat fuller discussion.
    В данной главе мы предлагаем обсудить... - In this chapter we propose to discuss...
    В данном параграфе мы обсуждаем некоторые простые свойства и примеры (чего-л). - In this section we discuss some simple properties and examples of...
    В наши намерения здесь не входит обсуждать, что... - It is not our intention to argue here that...
    В параграфе 2 мы обсудим применимость (чего-л). - In Section 2 we will comment on the applicability of...
    В следующем параграфе мы обсудим примеры... - In the next section we discuss examples of...
    В этой главе не делалось попыток обсудить очень сложную проблему... - In this chapter no attempt has been made to discuss the very difficult problem of...
    Важность этого факта станет понятна после того, как мы обсудим... - The importance of this fact will become clear when we discuss...
    Далее мы обсуждаем причины... - The discussion below deals with the reasons for...
    Другие случаи можно обсудить подобным же образом. - In a similar manner other cases may be discussed.
    Здесь мы не будем обсуждать эти практические приложения. - These practical applications will not concern us here.
    Здесь невозможно обсудить это детально. - This cannot be discussed in detail here.
    Мы здесь обсудим разницу между... и... - We shall discuss here the difference between... and...
    Мы не будем обсуждать вопрос, действительно ли... - We shall not discuss the question of whether...
    Мы обсудим причину существования... - We shall discuss the reason for the existence of...
    Мы обсудим три общих подхода. - We shall discuss three general approaches.
    Мы обсудим этот эффект в другой главе. - We shall discuss this effect in a later chapter.
    Мы также уже обсудили эту задачу в главе 2. - We have also discussed this problem in Chapter 2.
    Нам будет часто еще предоставляться возможность обсудить... - We shall often have occasion to speak of...
    Не вдаваясь в строгие рассмотрения, обсудим вкратце... - Without giving a rigorous treatment we briefly discuss...
    Нет никакой необходимости детально обсуждать... - There is no need to enter into any detailed discussion of...
    Обсудим более детально (вопрос и т. п.)... - Let us look a little closer at...
    Однако мы не будет детально обсуждать здесь это утверждение. - We shall not, however, discuss this point in detail here.
    Сейчас мы не будем обсуждать... - This is not the place to enter into a discussion on...
    Сейчас мы обсудим... - We proceed to a discussion of...
    Смит [1] обсудил в некоторых деталях эффект... - Smith [1] has discussed in some detail the effect of...
    Сначала мы обсудим использование (метода и т. п.)... - We first discuss the use of...
    Теперь мы будем обсуждать влияние... - We shall now discuss the influence of...
    Теперь мы будем обсуждать несколько более детально (что-л). - We shall now discuss somewhat further the...
    Теперь мы обсудим полезное преобразование... - We now discuss a useful transformation of...
    Теперь мы обсудим систематические методы, которые можно использовать в/ при... - We now discuss systematic methods which can be applied to...
    Теперь мы обсудим эти три процесса. - We shall now discuss these three operations.
    Теперь обсудим по отдельности две разные области... - Let us now discuss separately two different ranges of...
    Трудность, которую мы обсуждали, не возникнет, если... - The difficulty we have been discussing will not arise if...
    Участникам порекомендовали не обсуждать эти проблемы вне группы. - Participants were advised not to discuss these matters outside the group.
    Это станет яснее, когда мы обсудим... - This will be seen more clearly when we discuss...
    Это подходящее место, чтобы обсудить некоторые свойства, связанные с... - This is a good place to review a number of properties connected with...
    Этот механизм обсуждается во второй главе. - This mechanism is dealt with in Chapter 2.

    Русско-английский словарь научного общения > обсуждать

  • 13 argue

    1) ((with with someone, about something) to quarrel with (a person) or discuss (something) with a person in a not very friendly way: I'm not going to argue; Will you children stop arguing with each other about whose toy that is!) krangle, trette, diskutere
    2) ((with for, against) to suggest reasons for or for not doing something: I argued for/against accepting the plan.) argumentere for/mot
    3) ((with into, out of) to persuade (a person) (not) to do something: I'll try to argue him into going; He argued her out of buying the dress.) overtale (til)
    4) (to discuss, giving one's reasoning: She argued the point very cleverly.) forsvare, diskutere
    - argument
    - argumentative
    argumentere
    verb \/ˈɑːɡjuː\/
    1) argumentere, diskutere
    2) diskutere, krangle, trette, kjekle
    don't argue with me!
    3) påstå, hevde, gjøre gjeldende
    4) røpe, vitne om
    måten hun håndterte saken på, vitnet om fremragende kunnskaper i psykologi
    5) ( om synspunkt e.l.) legge frem, forsvare
    argue against something argumentere mot noe
    argue away something bortforklare noe
    argue for something argumentere for noe kjempe for noe
    argue somebody into something overtale noen til (å gjøre) noe
    argue somebody out of something snakke noen fra (å gjøre) noe
    argue with somebody about\/over something krangle med noen om noe

    English-Norwegian dictionary > argue

  • 14 por

    prep.
    1 because of (causa).
    por mí no te preocupes don't worry about me
    ¿por qué? why?
    ¿por qué lo dijo? why did she say it?
    ¿por qué no vienes? why don't you come?
    ¿por? (informal) why?
    se enfadó por tu comportamiento she got angry because of your behavior
    lo hizo por amor he did it out of o for love
    2 (in order) to.
    lo hizo por complacerte he did it to please you
    lo hice por ella I did it for her
    3 by (medio, modo, agente).
    por mensajero/fax/teléfono by courier/fax/telephone
    estuvimos hablando por teléfono we were talking on the phone
    por escrito in writing
    lo cogieron por el brazo they took him by the arm
    el récord fue batido por el atleta the record was broken by the athlete
    4 through.
    vamos por aquí/allí let's go this/that way
    iba paseando por el bosque/la calle she was walking through the forest/along the street
    pasar por la aduana to go through customs
    5 for (a cambio de, en lugar de).
    lo ha comprado por poco dinero she bought it for very little
    cambió el coche por la moto he exchanged his car for a motorbike
    él lo hará por mí he'll do it for me
    6 per.
    mil unidades por semana a thousand units a o per week
    uno por uno one by one
    20 kms por hora 20 km an o per hour
    7 for.
    baja por tabaco go down to the shops for some cigarettes, go down to get some cigarettes
    a por for
    vino a por las entradas she came for the tickets
    8 times, multiplied by.
    * * *
    1 (gen) for
    2 (a través de) through, by
    3 (calle, carretera) along, down, up
    íbamos por la calle cuando... we were walking along the street when...
    4 (lugar aproximado) in, near, round
    5 (causa) because of
    6 (tiempo) at, for
    7 (medio) by
    10 (tras) by
    12 (a favor de) for, in favour of, US in favor of
    14 (en lugar de) instead of, in the place of
    15 (multiplicado por) times, multiplied by
    tres por cuatro, doce three fours are twelve, three times four is twelve
    16 por adjective que no matter how adjective
    por caro que sea, lo voy a comprar no matter how expensive it is I'm going to buy it
    por viejo que parezca funciona even though it looks old, it still works
    \
    estar por + inf (a punto de) to be on the point of + - ing
    estar por hacer to remain to be done, not to have been done yet
    por aquí around here
    por lo tanto therefore
    por lo visto apparently
    por más que + subjuntivo however much, no matter how much
    por mucho que + subjuntivo however much, no matter how much
    por mí as far as I am concerned
    ¿por qué? why?
    por supuesto of course
    por tanto therefore, so
    * * *
    prep.
    1) for
    3) by
    7) per
    8) from
    * * *
    PREPOSICIÓN
    1) [causa]
    a) + sustantivo because of

    nos encontramos por casualidadwe met by chance

    lo hago por gustoI do it because I like to

    por temor a — for fear of

    b) + infin
    c) + adj
    2) [objetivo]
    a) + sustantivo for
    b) + infin

    por no llegar tarde — so as not to arrive late, in order not to be late

    3) (=en favor, defensa de) for

    hazlo por mí — do it for me, do it for my sake

    4) [elección]
    5) [evidencia] judging by, judging from

    por lo que dicenjudging by o from what they say

    por la cara que pone no debe de gustarlejudging by o from his face I don't think he likes it

    por las señas no piensa hacerlo — apparently he's not intending to do it, it doesn't seem like he's intending to do it

    6) [medio]

    por correoby post

    por marby sea

    hablar por señasto use sign language

    7) [agente] by

    "dirigido por" — "directed by"

    8) [modo] by

    por orden alfabético — in alphabetical order

    9) [lugar]

    ¿por dónde? — which way?

    10) [aproximación]

    por aquí cercanear o around here

    por la feriaround about o around carnival time

    11) [tiempo]
    12) [duración] for
    13) [sustitución, intercambio] (=a cambio de) for; (=en lugar de) instead of
    14) [representación]

    interceder por algn — to intercede on sb's behalf, intercede for sb

    vino por su jefehe came instead of o in place of his boss

    15) [distribución]

    80km por hora80km per o an hour

    tres dólares por persona — three dollars each, three dollars per person

    16) [en multiplicaciones]

    cinco por tres, quince — five times three is fifteen, five threes are fifteen

    17) (=en cuanto a)

    por mí no hay inconvenientethat's fine as o so far as I'm concerned

    por mí, que se vaya — as o so far as I'm concerned he can go, for all I care he can go

    por mí, como si quieres pasar una semana sin comer — I don't care if you want to go for a week without eating

    si por mi fuera, tú estarías trabajando — if it were o was down to me, you'd be working

    18) (=como)

    tomar a algn por esposo/esposa — to take sb to be one's husband/wife

    le tienen por tontothey think he's stupid

    19) [concesión]
    + subjun

    por mucho que lo quisieran — however much they would like to, much as they would like to

    por más que lo intenteno matter how o however hard I try, try as I might

    20) [acción inacabada]
    + infin
    21) ir (a) por algo/algn (=en busca de) to go and get sth/sb

    voy a por él[a buscarle] I'll go and get him; [a atacarle] I'm going to get him

    solo van a por las pelas* they're only in it for the money

    ¡a por ellos! — get them!

    22) [en preguntas]
    por qué why

    ¿por qué no vienes conmigo? — why don't you come with me?

    ¿por? * why (do you ask)?
    * * *
    1) ( en relaciones causales) because of

    por falta de dinerobecause of o owing to lack of money

    si no fuera por mi hijo... — if it wasn't for my son...

    por + inf — for -ing

    2) ( según)

    por lo que parece... — it seems o it would seem...

    ¿por qué no vienes conmigo? — why don't you come with me?

    por si — in case; acaso, mosca II

    por más que me esfuerzohowever hard o no matter how hard I try

    por (muy) fácil que seahowever easy o no matter how easy it is

    5)

    colócalos por orden de tamaño/altura — put them in order of size/height

    por avión/barco/carretera — by air/sea/road

    me enteré por un amigoI heard from o through a friend

    c) (Educ) from
    6)

    cobra $30 por clase — he charges $30 a o per class

    uno por uno — one by one; ciento II

    tres por cuatro (son) doce — three times four is twelve, three fours are twelve

    7)
    a) (en relaciones de sustitución, intercambio, representación) for
    b) ( como)

    ¿acepta usted por esposa a Carmen? — do you take Carmen to be your (lawful wedded) wife?

    9) (expresando finalidad, objetivo)

    por + inf: daría cualquier cosa por verla — I'd give anything to see her

    por que + subj ( here por que can also be written porque): estaba ansioso por que lo escucharan — he was eager for them to listen to him

    10) (indicando consideración, favor) for
    11) (indicando inclinación, elección)

    salió/fue por or (Esp) a por pan — he went (out) for some bread, he went (out) to get some bread

    por mí que haga lo que quiera — as far as I'm concerned, he can do what he likes

    por + inf: tengo la casa por limpiar — I've got the house to clean

    15) (esp AmL)

    estar por + inf — ( estar a punto de)

    16) (indicando lugar de acceso, salida, trayectoria)

    ¿el 121 va por (la) Avenida Rosas? — does the 121 go along Rosas Avenue?

    ¿por dónde has venido? — which way did you come?

    ¿puedes pasar por la tintorería? — could you call in at o drop by the drycleaner's?

    17)

    ¿por dónde está or queda el hotel? — whereabouts is the hotel?

    ¿qué tal te fue por Londres? — how did you get on in London?

    por todos lados or por todas partes — everywhere

    voy por la página 15I'm up to o I'm on page 15

    pasa un trapo por el piso — give the floor a quick wipe; ver tb afuera, adentro, dentro, fuera, encima, etc

    por aquella época or por aquel entonces — at that time

    19) (Esp) ( indicando una ocasión) for
    20) ( durante) for

    por el momento or por ahora — for the time being o for now; ver tb mañana III, tarde II, noche

    * * *
    = across, along, around, because of, by, by, down, for the sake of, in connection with, in the gift of, on account of, on the grounds that/of, per, through, times, under, x, as a matter of, out of, through the agency of.
    Ex. This arrangement may facilitate browsing across different kinds of materials.
    Ex. This means that a large number of messages can be combined together along the same line, giving economies of scales.
    Ex. I wouldn't expect you to be detailed in your report in terms of where the bookmible would stop around town and where you'd park it.
    Ex. This makes him feel somehow defficient and all because of his difficulty in making sense out of words in print with which his troubles began.
    Ex. A set of government publications could be filed alphabetically by the issuing bureau, and then by title of the particular series in numerical order.
    Ex. Micrographic and computer technologies and their integration will become increasingly efficacious as agents for change with respect to the continued existence of the traditional 75 by 125 millimeter card.
    Ex. Some users find the format of KWIC indexes unacceptable, they find alphabetical arrangement by keywords down the centre of a page, and wrapped-round titles awkward.
    Ex. The advocates of ISBD originally argued that it was for the sake of the computer.
    Ex. There is an index to the schedules, but this has been criticised in connection with the size of the entry vocabulary.
    Ex. Its notability is seen to lie in the fact that it has significantly broken the stranglehold upon postgraduate studentships in the gift of the Science and Engineering Research Council.
    Ex. Partly on account of the variety of bases for coverage there is significant overlap between the assortment of abstracting and indexing services.
    Ex. AACR2 has been criticised on the grounds that it does not identify the cataloguing unit to which the rules refer.
    Ex. Indexing can thus be achieved at a detailed level, with often many terms per document, with almost no indexing effort.
    Ex. The contributions are input to the data base, then referred and any suggestion made by the referee are communicated through the data base to the editor.
    Ex. 4 days times 30 cents per day = 120 cents.
    Ex. One of the outcomes of entry under title has been the proliferation of serials titles.
    Ex. Card catalogues or indexes comprise a set of cards often 5x3 inches (122x72 mm), with each entry on a separate card.
    Ex. Most drivers stop at stop signs: Some do under duress -- there may be a policeman concealed in nearby bushes, others as a matter of prudence -- a fast car with the right of way can be injurious.
    Ex. But these and other interested people collected this type of books out of a mixture of curiosity and sentiment.
    Ex. This article argues that critical thinking, a long sought after goal in the US educational system, may be taught efficiently through the agency of library use instructions within the college environment.
    ----
    * actuar por impulso = act on + impulse.
    * aprendizaje por medio del ordenador = computer-based learning (CBL).
    * aunque por otro lado = but otherwise.
    * búsqueda por medio de menús = menu-assisted searching.
    * coger por sorpresa = catch out.
    * Día + por la tarde = late + Día.
    * digamos por ejemplo = let us say.
    * dominar por completo = sweep + the board.
    * encontrar por casualidad = come across.
    * encuadernación por encargo = bespoke binding.
    * error por omisión = omission failure.
    * estar por delante de = be ahead of.
    * hecho por encargo = bespoke.
    * introducir por primera vez = pioneer.
    * leer por encima = browse.
    * llamar por teléfono = call up.
    * muy por encima de todo = over and above all.
    * Nombre + por primera vez = Nombre + ever.
    * ordenado por fecha = in date order.
    * pasar por alto = bypass [by-pass], skip over, pass + Nombre/Pronombre + by.
    * pongamos por ejemplo = let us say.
    * por accidente = accidentally.
    * por adelantado = advance, in advance (of), up-front [up front].
    * por ahí = out there.
    * por ahora = as of right now, as yet, at present, at the moment, at this point, for the present, for the time being, just yet, for now, at this time, as of now, at the present, by now, for the nonce.
    * por ahora todo va bien = so far, so good.
    * por alguna razón = for some reason, for whatever reason.
    * por algún motivo = for whatever reason.
    * por algún tiempo = for sometime.
    * por allí = nearby [near-by].
    * por amor al arte = (just) for the fun of (doing) it, (just) for the hell of (doing) it.
    * por analogía = by analogy.
    * por anticipado = in advance (of).
    * por antonomasia = quintessential, unique.
    * por añadidura = in addition (to), on top of everything else.
    * por aquel entonces = at the time, about that time, by this time.
    * por aquí = around here, nearby [near-by], round here.
    * por aquí y por allí = hanging about.
    * por así decir = as it were.
    * por boca de = by word of mouth.
    * por bondad = out of the goodness of + Posesivo + heart.
    * por buena dirección = a step in the right direction.
    * por buen camino = a step in the right direction.
    * por cabeza = per person.
    * por cable = wireline, corded.
    * por caminos apartados = off-road.
    * por capas = multilayered [multi-layered/multi layered], layered, tiered.
    * por casualidad = by chance, coincidentally, fortuitously, by accident, by happenstance, happen to + Infinitivo, chance to + Infinitivo, accidentally, by a fluke, by luck, by a stroke of (good) luck.
    * por chiripa = by chance, by a fluke, by luck, by a stroke of (good) luck.
    * por ciento = per cent [percent] (%).
    * por cierto = coincidentally, incidentally, by the way, anecdotally, by the by(e), speaking of which.
    * por coincidencia = by coincidence.
    * por comodidad = for convenience, for the sake of + convenience.
    * por completo = fully.
    * por confirmar = to be announced, to be confirmed.
    * por consideración a = out of respect for.
    * por consideración a = out of consideration for.
    * por consiguiente = consequently, then, thence, by implication, therefore.
    * por contra = in contrast.
    * por conveniencia = for convenience, for the sake of + convenience.
    * por correo = by post, mailed.
    * por cortesía de = courtesy of.
    * por cualquier motivo = for whatever reason.
    * por cualquier razón = for whatever reason.
    * por cuanto que = because.
    * por cuenta ajena = vicariously.
    * por cuenta de uno = privately.
    * por cuenta propia = freelance, self-employed, at + Posesivo + own expense.
    * por cuenta y riesgo de Uno = at + Posesivo + peril.
    * por curiosidad = out of curiosity.
    * por debajo de = below, beneath, underneath.
    * por debajo de + Cantidad = under + Cantidad.
    * por debajo de cero = sub-zero, below-freezing.
    * por debajo del 10 por ciento = single digit, single figure.
    * por debajo de la media = sub-par, below-average.
    * por debajo de las posibilidades = below + Posesivo + capabilities.
    * por debajo de lo normal = below-normal.
    * por debajo de lo óptimo = sub-optimal [suboptimal].
    * por debajo del peso nomral = underweight.
    * por décadas = ten-yearly.
    * por decidir = to be decided.
    * por decirlo así = so to speak, in a manner of speaking.
    * por decirlo de alguna manera = so to speak.
    * por decirlo de algún modo = in a manner of speaking, so to speak.
    * por decisión propia = by choice.
    * por defecto = by default, default.
    * por deferencia a = in deference to.
    * por definición = by definition.
    * por delante = ahead.
    * por delante de = ahead of.
    * por delante de la competencia = ahead of the game.
    * por delante y por detrás = front and back.
    * por dentro = inwardly.
    * por desgracia = unfortunately, sadly, unhappily, disappointingly.
    * por despecho = spitefully, out of spite.
    * ¡por dios! = in heaven's name, for God's sake, gosh.
    * ¡por Dios! = for crying out loud!.
    * por diversión = for sport, for fun, (just) for the hell of (doing) it, for kicks, (just) for the fun of (doing) it.
    * por divertirse = for kicks.
    * por doquier = all around.
    * por dos años = two-year.
    * por ejemplo = e.g. (latín - exempli gratia), for example, for instance, say, to illustrate, for the sake of + argument.
    * por (el) amor a = for the love of.
    * ¡por el amor de Dios! = for crying out loud!.
    * por el bien del saber = for knowledge's sake.
    * por el contrario = by contrast, conversely, however, in contrast, instead, on the contrary, by way of contrast, to the contrary, quite the opposite, by comparison, contrariwise, quite the contrary, quite the reverse.
    * por el cual = whereby, whereupon.
    * por el detalle = for detail.
    * por el día = by day, daytime [day-time], during the daytime, in the daytime, during daytime.
    * por el día o por la noche = day or night.
    * por el día y por la noche = day and night, night and day.
    * por elección propia = by choice.
    * por el gobierno = governmentally + Adjetivo.
    * por el gobierno federal = federally.
    * por el hecho de que = because of the fact that.
    * por el hombre = humanly.
    * por ello = on this basis, on that basis, accordingly.
    * por el mero hecho de saber = for knowledge's sake.
    * por el método de ensayo y error = by trial and error, trial and error.
    * por el modo = by the way.
    * por el momento = for the time being, momentarily, at the moment, for the nonce, for the present.
    * por el placer de hacerlo = (just) for the fun of (doing) it.
    * por el que se puede cobrar = chargeable.
    * por el receptor = at the receiving end.
    * por el sexo = gendered.
    * por encargo = custom, bespoke.
    * por encima = overhead, cursorily.
    * por encima de = across, beyond, beyond all, over, over and above, beyond the range of, well over + Expresión Numérica, overarching, above.
    * por encima de + Cantidad = in excess of + Cantidad.
    * por encima de eso = beyond that.
    * por encima del 10 por ciento = double digit, double figure.
    * por encima de la media = above average.
    * por encima de la tierra = aboveground.
    * por encima de toda crítica = beyond reproach, above reproach.
    * por encima de toda duda = beyond reproach, above reproach.
    * por encima de toda razón = beyond reason.
    * por encima de toda sospecha = above suspicion.
    * por encima de todo = at all costs, at any cost, at any price.
    * por ende = thereby, accordingly, therefore.
    * por enfado = out of anger.
    * por enojo = out of anger.
    * por error = by mistake.
    * por esa razón = thereby, for that reason.
    * por escrito = in writing, in print, written.
    * por eso = on that score, therefore.
    * por eso que = hence.
    * por esta razón = for this reason.
    * por esta única razón = for this reason alone.
    * por este motivo = for this reason.
    * por esto = thus, accordingly, therefore.
    * por etapas = staged.
    * por excelencia = par excellence, quintessential, unique.
    * por exceso = excessively, to excess.
    * por explotar = untapped.
    * por + Expresión Temporal = by the + Expresión Temporal.
    * por extensión = by extension.
    * por extenso = in full, at length.
    * por falta de = for want of, for lack of.
    * por fases = staged.
    * por favor = please.
    * por favor, responda = RSVP [R.S.V.P.].
    * por fin = at length, at last, finally, at long last.
    * por fin llegó la hora (de) = it's about time (that).
    * por frustración = out of frustration.
    * por fuera = outwardly, outwardly.
    * por grupos = in batches.
    * por gusto = for kicks, (just) for the fun of (doing) it, (just) for the hell of (doing) it.
    * por hora = hourly.
    * por horas = on an hourly basis.
    * por igual = alike, on an equitable basis, equally, in equal measure(s).
    * por imitación = copycat.
    * por incremento gradual = incremental.
    * por incrementos graduales = incrementally.
    * por individuo = per capita, per person.
    * por iniciativa de = at the instigation of, under the auspices of.
    * por instinto = instinctively.
    * por interés = out of interest.
    * por interés personal = self-interested.
    * por investigar = unresearched.
    * por invitación = invitational.
    * por invitación de = at the invitation of.
    * por la borda = overboard.
    * por la cantidad de + Número = amounting to + Cantidad.
    * por la forma = by the way.
    * por la friolera de + Cantidad = to the tune of + Cantidad.
    * por la fuerza = forcibly.
    * por la mala fortuna = by ill fate.
    * por la mala suerte = by ill luck, by bad luck, by ill fate.
    * por la manera = by the way.
    * por la mañana = in the morning.
    * por la mañana y por la noche = morning and night.
    * por la noche = overnight, at night, night-time, after dark, by night.
    * por la posibilidad de = at the prospect of.
    * por la presente = hereby.
    * por las buenas o por las malas = by hook or by crook.
    * por la sencilla razón = for no other reason.
    * por las nubes = soaring.
    * por la tarde = in the evening.
    * por ley = mandated.
    * por libre = freelance.
    * por línea telefónica = over the telephone line.
    * por lo general = on the whole, all in all, in general, generally, generally speaking, in the normal run of events, in the normal run of things.
    * por lo pronto = for the time being.
    * por lo que = so.
    * por lo que concierne a = as far as + Nombre + be + concerned, so far as + Nombre + be concerned.
    * por lo que concierne a Uno = on + Posesivo + side.
    * por lo que dicen todos = by all accounts.
    * por lo que es = in + Posesivo + own right.
    * por lo que incumbe a Uno = on + Posesivo + side.
    * ¡Por lo que más quieras! = for God's sake.
    * por lo que se refiere a = moving on to.
    * por lo que son = in + Posesivo + own right.
    * por lo que yo sé = to the best of my knowledge.
    * por los pelos = by the skin of + Posesivo + teeth, close call, close shave.
    * por los siguientes motivos = on the following counts.
    * por los suelos = in tatters.
    * por lo tanto = consequently, ergo, so, then, thereby, therefore, thus, it follows that.
    * por lo visto = apparently, apparently.
    * por mala fortuna = unfortunately, unhappily, sadly.
    * por mala suerte = by ill luck, by bad luck, by a stroke of bad luck, by ill fate.
    * por mal camino = astray.
    * por más que lo intento = for the life of me.
    * por materias = subject-based, topically.
    * por mecionar sólo unos cuantos = to mention only a few.
    * por medio = out of.
    * por medio de = by means of, by way of, in the form of, through, via, via the medium of, by dint of, through the agency of.
    * por medio de isótopos = isotopically.
    * por medio de otro(s) = by proxy.
    * por medio de una agencia = on a bureau basis.
    * por mencionar sólo algunos = to mention but a few of, to mention only a few.
    * por mencionar sólo unos cuantos = to mention but a few of, to name only some.
    * por mencionar sólo unos pocos = to name but a few.
    * por mencionar unos pocos = just to name a few.
    * por menús = menu-driven.
    * por méritos = meritorious.
    * por mes = per month.
    * por miedo de = for fear of/that.
    * por millones = in the millions, by the millions.
    * por mor de = because of, out of consideration for, out of respect for.
    * por motivo de = in the interest(s) of.
    * por motivos de = for the sake of, on grounds.
    * por motivos de + Nombre = for + Nombre's sake.
    * por muchas razones = in many ways.
    * por mucho que lo intento = for the life of me.
    * por mucho tiempo = for long, for long periods of time.
    * por muy + Adjetivo/Adverbio + Nombre + que + Subjuntivo = however + Adjetivo/Adverbio + Nombre + Verbo.
    * por muy + Adjetivo/Adverbio + que sea = however + Adjetivo/Adverbio.
    * por muy + Adjetivo + be = Adjetivo + though + Nombre + be.
    * por muy difícil que parezca = difficult though it may seem, difficult as it may seem.
    * por muy extraño que parezca = oddly enough, strangely enough, strange though it may seem, strange as it may seem, although it may seem strange, funnily enough, funnily.
    * por muy increíble que parezca = incredible though it may seem, incredibly, incredibly enough, incredible as it may seem, although it may seem incredible.
    * por muy mentira que parezca = incredibly, incredible though it may seem, strangely enough, incredibly enough, incredible as it may seem, strange though it may seem, strange as it may seem, although it may seem strange, although it may seem incredible.
    * por muy raro que parezca = strangely enough, oddly enough, strange though it may seem, strange as it may seem, although it may seem strange.
    * por nada = for nothing.
    * por nada del mundo = for the life of me.
    * por nada or casi nada = at little or no extra cost.
    * por naturaleza = by nature, by definition, characteristically, natural-born, naturally, inherently.
    * por necesidad = of necessity, out of necessity.
    * por niveles = multilayered [multi-layered/multi layered], multilayer, layered, tiered.
    * por no decir algo peor = to put it mildly.
    * por no decir nada de = to say nothing of.
    * por no decir nunca = if ever.
    * por no decir otra cosa peor = to say the least.
    * por nombrar (sólo) + Número = to name (only) + Número.
    * por nombrar sólo unos cuantos = to name only some.
    * por nombrar sólo unos pocos = to name but a few.
    * por + Nombre = on a + Adjetivo + basis.
    * por no mencionar = not to mention.
    * por norma = as a rule.
    * por + Número + cosas = on + Número + counts.
    * por orden de = mandated.
    * por orden del congreso = congressionally mandated.
    * por orden de llegada = on a first come first served basis.
    * por orden numérico = in numerical order.
    * por otra parte = on the other hand, on the other side, on the flip side.
    * por otro lado = alternatively, however, on the other hand, on the other side, for another thing, on the flip side, on another topic, on another matter, on another note, on other matters.
    * por parejas = in pairs.
    * por parte de = on the part of.
    * por parte de uno = on + Posesivo + part.
    * por pasar el rato = (just) for the fun of (doing) it, (just) for the hell of (doing) it.
    * por pereza = lazily.
    * por + Período de Tiempo = for + Expresión Temporal.
    * por persona = per person.
    * por placer = for kicks, (just) for the fun of (doing) it, (just) for the hell of (doing) it.
    * por poco dinero = cheaply.
    * por poco o nada = at little or no extra cost.
    * por poderes = by proxy.
    * por poner un ejemplo + Adjetivo = to take a + Adjetivo + example.
    * por poner un ejemplo sobre + Nombre = to take + Nombre.
    * por + Posesivo + cuenta = at + Posesivo + own expense.
    * por + Posesivo + parte = for + Posesivo + part.
    * por + Posesivo + propia cuenta = at + Posesivo + own expense.
    * por + Posesivo + (propia) naturaleza = in + Posesivo + nature.
    * por primera vez = first + Verbo, for the first time, for once.
    * por principio = on principle.
    * por principios = as a matter of principle.
    * por probar nada se pierde = nothing ventured, nothing gained.
    * por + Pronombre + mismo = all by + Reflexivo, by + Reflexivo.
    * por propia iniciativa = self-directed.
    * por pura curiosidad = just out of interest, (just) as a mater of interest.
    * por pura diversión = for kicks.
    * por puro entretenimiento = (just) for the fun of (doing) it, (just) for the hell of (doing) it.
    * por puro placer = (just) for the fun of (doing) it, (just) for the hell of (doing) it.
    * por qué = why.
    * por razones + Adjetivo = for + Nombre + purposes.
    * por razones de = for the sake of.
    * por razones de seguridad = for security reasons, for safety reasons.
    * por razones éticas = on moral grounds.
    * por razones morales = on moral grounds.
    * por razones personales = for personal reasons.
    * por + Reflexivo + cuenta = for + Reflexivo.
    * por rencor = out of spite.
    * por respeto a = out of respect for, out of consideration for.
    * por rumores = grapevine.
    * por rutina = routinely.
    * por sacos = by the sackful.
    * por satélite = satellite-based.
    * por segunda vez = a second time, the second time around, a second time around.
    * por seguridad = for safety reasons.
    * por semana = per week.
    * por separado = at different times, in isolation, separately, singly.
    * por ser + Adjetivo = as being + Adjetivo.
    * por sexo = along gender lines.
    * por si = in the chance that.
    * por si acaso = in case of, on the off chance, just in case, on spec, for good measure.
    * por si casualidad = in the chance that.
    * por si era poco = for good measure.
    * por si fuera poco = to boot, for good measure, to add insult to injury, to add salt to injury, to rub salt in the wound.
    * por si hace falta consultarlo en el futuro = for future reference.
    * por si las moscas = just in case, on spec.
    * por sí mismo = for its/their own sake, in itself, in + Posesivo + own right, itself, unto + Reflexivo, in and of + Reflexivo.
    * por sí mismos = in themselves.
    * por simple curiosidad = (just) as a mater of interest, just out of interest.
    * por si sirve de algo = for what it's worth [FWIW].
    * por sí solo = by itself, for its/their own sake, on its own, in and of + Reflexivo, in itself.
    * por sí solos = by themselves, in themselves.
    * por si + tener + suerte = on spec.
    * por sorpresa = unawares.
    * por su cuenta y riesgo = at + Posesivo + own risk.
    * por suerte = luckily, fortunately, happily.
    * por suerte o por desgracia = for better or (for) worse, by luck or misfortune.
    * por su naturaleza = by + Posesivo + nature.
    * por su papel = in its role.
    * por su parte = in + Posesivo + own right.
    * por su propia voluntad = of its own accord.
    * por su propio derecho = in + Posesivo + own right.
    * por supuesto = of course, surely, to be sure, certainly.
    * ¡por supuesto que no! = heaven forbid, heaven forbid.
    * por suscripción = subscriber + Nombre.
    * por su volatilidad = mercurially.
    * por su volubilidad = mercurially.
    * por tanto = consequently, ergo, so, then, thereby, therefore, thus, it follows that.
    * por teléfono = on the telephone, by tele(phone), over the phone, over the telephone.
    * por temas = topically.
    * por temor a = for fear of/that.
    * por temor a represalias = under duress.
    * por término medio = on average.
    * por toda la ciudad = citywide [city-wide].
    * por toda la Internet = Internet-wide.
    * por toda la nación = nationwide [nation-wide].
    * por toda la provincia = province-wide.
    * por toda la vida = lifetime [life-time].
    * por todas las instituciones oficiales = government-wide.
    * por todas partes = all over the place, everywhere, widely, all around, far and wide.
    * por toda una vida = lifetime [life-time].
    * por todo = all over, throughout, all the way through.
    * por todo el campus universitario = campus-wide [campuswide].
    * por todo el continente = continent-wide.
    * por todo el distrito = district-wide [districtwide].
    * por todo el gobierno = government-wide.
    * por todo el mundo = worldwide [world-wide], around the world, across the globe, around the globe, across the world, around the planet, the world over.
    * por todo el planeta = across the planet, planet-wide.
    * por todo el servicio = service-wide.
    * por todo lo alto = grandly, on a grand scale.
    * por todo + Lugar = up and down + Lugar.
    * por todo + Nombre de Lugar = across + Nombre de Lugar.
    * por todos conocido = well-known.
    * por todos lados = left, right and centre, far and wide.
    * por todos los medios = by all means.
    * por todos sitios = everywhere.
    * por triplicado = in triplicate.
    * por trueque = in kind.
    * por turnos = on a rotating basis, on a rota basis, on a rota system, on a rota.
    * por última vez = for the last time, one last time.
    * por último = finally, last, lastly, ultimately.
    * por último pero no menos importante = last but not least.
    * por una lado... por otro = at one end... at the other.
    * por unanimidad = unanimously.
    * por una parte = on the one hand, on the one side.
    * por un gran margen = by a huge margin.
    * por un gustazo, un trancazo = a kingdom for a kiss.
    * por unidad = per unit.
    * por un lado = for one, on the one hand, on the one side.
    * por un lado entra + Nombre + y por otro sale + Nombre = in go + Nombre + at one end, and out come + Nombre + at the other.
    * por un momento = for a moment.
    * por uno mismo = on + Posesivo + own, for + Reflexivo.
    * por unos momentos = for a few moments, for a short time.
    * por uno solo = solo.
    * por un período de tiempo limitado = on a short-term basis.
    * por un tiempo = for a time.
    * por un tiempo indefinido = for an indefinite time to come, for indefinite time.
    * por valor de + Cantidad = amounting to + Cantidad.
    * por varias razones = for a variety of reasons, for a number of reasons.
    * por varios motivos = for a number of reasons.
    * por venganza = out of spite.
    * por voluntad propia = voluntarily.
    * quedar por ver = remain + to be seen.
    * tirar dinero y esfuerzo por la borda = be money and effort down the drain.
    * transporte por tierra = land transport.
    * utilizar por primera vez = pioneer.
    * venta al por mayor = wholesaling.
    * * *
    1) ( en relaciones causales) because of

    por falta de dinerobecause of o owing to lack of money

    si no fuera por mi hijo... — if it wasn't for my son...

    por + inf — for -ing

    2) ( según)

    por lo que parece... — it seems o it would seem...

    ¿por qué no vienes conmigo? — why don't you come with me?

    por si — in case; acaso, mosca II

    por más que me esfuerzohowever hard o no matter how hard I try

    por (muy) fácil que seahowever easy o no matter how easy it is

    5)

    colócalos por orden de tamaño/altura — put them in order of size/height

    por avión/barco/carretera — by air/sea/road

    me enteré por un amigoI heard from o through a friend

    c) (Educ) from
    6)

    cobra $30 por clase — he charges $30 a o per class

    uno por uno — one by one; ciento II

    tres por cuatro (son) doce — three times four is twelve, three fours are twelve

    7)
    a) (en relaciones de sustitución, intercambio, representación) for
    b) ( como)

    ¿acepta usted por esposa a Carmen? — do you take Carmen to be your (lawful wedded) wife?

    9) (expresando finalidad, objetivo)

    por + inf: daría cualquier cosa por verla — I'd give anything to see her

    por que + subj ( here por que can also be written porque): estaba ansioso por que lo escucharan — he was eager for them to listen to him

    10) (indicando consideración, favor) for
    11) (indicando inclinación, elección)

    salió/fue por or (Esp) a por pan — he went (out) for some bread, he went (out) to get some bread

    por mí que haga lo que quiera — as far as I'm concerned, he can do what he likes

    por + inf: tengo la casa por limpiar — I've got the house to clean

    15) (esp AmL)

    estar por + inf — ( estar a punto de)

    16) (indicando lugar de acceso, salida, trayectoria)

    ¿el 121 va por (la) Avenida Rosas? — does the 121 go along Rosas Avenue?

    ¿por dónde has venido? — which way did you come?

    ¿puedes pasar por la tintorería? — could you call in at o drop by the drycleaner's?

    17)

    ¿por dónde está or queda el hotel? — whereabouts is the hotel?

    ¿qué tal te fue por Londres? — how did you get on in London?

    por todos lados or por todas partes — everywhere

    voy por la página 15I'm up to o I'm on page 15

    pasa un trapo por el piso — give the floor a quick wipe; ver tb afuera, adentro, dentro, fuera, encima, etc

    por aquella época or por aquel entonces — at that time

    19) (Esp) ( indicando una ocasión) for
    20) ( durante) for

    por el momento or por ahora — for the time being o for now; ver tb mañana III, tarde II, noche

    * * *
    = across, along, around, because of, by, by, down, for the sake of, in connection with, in the gift of, on account of, on the grounds that/of, per, through, times, under, x, as a matter of, out of, through the agency of.

    Ex: This arrangement may facilitate browsing across different kinds of materials.

    Ex: This means that a large number of messages can be combined together along the same line, giving economies of scales.
    Ex: I wouldn't expect you to be detailed in your report in terms of where the bookmible would stop around town and where you'd park it.
    Ex: This makes him feel somehow defficient and all because of his difficulty in making sense out of words in print with which his troubles began.
    Ex: A set of government publications could be filed alphabetically by the issuing bureau, and then by title of the particular series in numerical order.
    Ex: Micrographic and computer technologies and their integration will become increasingly efficacious as agents for change with respect to the continued existence of the traditional 75 by 125 millimeter card.
    Ex: Some users find the format of KWIC indexes unacceptable, they find alphabetical arrangement by keywords down the centre of a page, and wrapped-round titles awkward.
    Ex: The advocates of ISBD originally argued that it was for the sake of the computer.
    Ex: There is an index to the schedules, but this has been criticised in connection with the size of the entry vocabulary.
    Ex: Its notability is seen to lie in the fact that it has significantly broken the stranglehold upon postgraduate studentships in the gift of the Science and Engineering Research Council.
    Ex: Partly on account of the variety of bases for coverage there is significant overlap between the assortment of abstracting and indexing services.
    Ex: AACR2 has been criticised on the grounds that it does not identify the cataloguing unit to which the rules refer.
    Ex: Indexing can thus be achieved at a detailed level, with often many terms per document, with almost no indexing effort.
    Ex: The contributions are input to the data base, then referred and any suggestion made by the referee are communicated through the data base to the editor.
    Ex: 4 days times 30 cents per day = 120 cents.
    Ex: One of the outcomes of entry under title has been the proliferation of serials titles.
    Ex: Card catalogues or indexes comprise a set of cards often 5x3 inches (122x72 mm), with each entry on a separate card.
    Ex: Most drivers stop at stop signs: Some do under duress -- there may be a policeman concealed in nearby bushes, others as a matter of prudence -- a fast car with the right of way can be injurious.
    Ex: But these and other interested people collected this type of books out of a mixture of curiosity and sentiment.
    Ex: This article argues that critical thinking, a long sought after goal in the US educational system, may be taught efficiently through the agency of library use instructions within the college environment.
    * actuar por impulso = act on + impulse.
    * aprendizaje por medio del ordenador = computer-based learning (CBL).
    * aunque por otro lado = but otherwise.
    * búsqueda por medio de menús = menu-assisted searching.
    * coger por sorpresa = catch out.
    * Día + por la tarde = late + Día.
    * digamos por ejemplo = let us say.
    * dominar por completo = sweep + the board.
    * encontrar por casualidad = come across.
    * encuadernación por encargo = bespoke binding.
    * error por omisión = omission failure.
    * estar por delante de = be ahead of.
    * hecho por encargo = bespoke.
    * introducir por primera vez = pioneer.
    * leer por encima = browse.
    * llamar por teléfono = call up.
    * muy por encima de todo = over and above all.
    * Nombre + por primera vez = Nombre + ever.
    * ordenado por fecha = in date order.
    * pasar por alto = bypass [by-pass], skip over, pass + Nombre/Pronombre + by.
    * pongamos por ejemplo = let us say.
    * por accidente = accidentally.
    * por adelantado = advance, in advance (of), up-front [up front].
    * por ahí = out there.
    * por ahora = as of right now, as yet, at present, at the moment, at this point, for the present, for the time being, just yet, for now, at this time, as of now, at the present, by now, for the nonce.
    * por ahora todo va bien = so far, so good.
    * por alguna razón = for some reason, for whatever reason.
    * por algún motivo = for whatever reason.
    * por algún tiempo = for sometime.
    * por allí = nearby [near-by].
    * por amor al arte = (just) for the fun of (doing) it, (just) for the hell of (doing) it.
    * por analogía = by analogy.
    * por anticipado = in advance (of).
    * por antonomasia = quintessential, unique.
    * por añadidura = in addition (to), on top of everything else.
    * por aquel entonces = at the time, about that time, by this time.
    * por aquí = around here, nearby [near-by], round here.
    * por aquí y por allí = hanging about.
    * por así decir = as it were.
    * por boca de = by word of mouth.
    * por bondad = out of the goodness of + Posesivo + heart.
    * por buena dirección = a step in the right direction.
    * por buen camino = a step in the right direction.
    * por cabeza = per person.
    * por cable = wireline, corded.
    * por caminos apartados = off-road.
    * por capas = multilayered [multi-layered/multi layered], layered, tiered.
    * por casualidad = by chance, coincidentally, fortuitously, by accident, by happenstance, happen to + Infinitivo, chance to + Infinitivo, accidentally, by a fluke, by luck, by a stroke of (good) luck.
    * por chiripa = by chance, by a fluke, by luck, by a stroke of (good) luck.
    * por ciento = per cent [percent] (%).
    * por cierto = coincidentally, incidentally, by the way, anecdotally, by the by(e), speaking of which.
    * por coincidencia = by coincidence.
    * por comodidad = for convenience, for the sake of + convenience.
    * por completo = fully.
    * por confirmar = to be announced, to be confirmed.
    * por consideración a = out of respect for.
    * por consideración a = out of consideration for.
    * por consiguiente = consequently, then, thence, by implication, therefore.
    * por contra = in contrast.
    * por conveniencia = for convenience, for the sake of + convenience.
    * por correo = by post, mailed.
    * por cortesía de = courtesy of.
    * por cualquier motivo = for whatever reason.
    * por cualquier razón = for whatever reason.
    * por cuanto que = because.
    * por cuenta ajena = vicariously.
    * por cuenta de uno = privately.
    * por cuenta propia = freelance, self-employed, at + Posesivo + own expense.
    * por cuenta y riesgo de Uno = at + Posesivo + peril.
    * por curiosidad = out of curiosity.
    * por debajo de = below, beneath, underneath.
    * por debajo de + Cantidad = under + Cantidad.
    * por debajo de cero = sub-zero, below-freezing.
    * por debajo del 10 por ciento = single digit, single figure.
    * por debajo de la media = sub-par, below-average.
    * por debajo de las posibilidades = below + Posesivo + capabilities.
    * por debajo de lo normal = below-normal.
    * por debajo de lo óptimo = sub-optimal [suboptimal].
    * por debajo del peso nomral = underweight.
    * por décadas = ten-yearly.
    * por decidir = to be decided.
    * por decirlo así = so to speak, in a manner of speaking.
    * por decirlo de alguna manera = so to speak.
    * por decirlo de algún modo = in a manner of speaking, so to speak.
    * por decisión propia = by choice.
    * por defecto = by default, default.
    * por deferencia a = in deference to.
    * por definición = by definition.
    * por delante = ahead.
    * por delante de = ahead of.
    * por delante de la competencia = ahead of the game.
    * por delante y por detrás = front and back.
    * por dentro = inwardly.
    * por desgracia = unfortunately, sadly, unhappily, disappointingly.
    * por despecho = spitefully, out of spite.
    * ¡por dios! = in heaven's name, for God's sake, gosh.
    * ¡por Dios! = for crying out loud!.
    * por diversión = for sport, for fun, (just) for the hell of (doing) it, for kicks, (just) for the fun of (doing) it.
    * por divertirse = for kicks.
    * por doquier = all around.
    * por dos años = two-year.
    * por ejemplo = e.g. (latín - exempli gratia), for example, for instance, say, to illustrate, for the sake of + argument.
    * por (el) amor a = for the love of.
    * ¡por el amor de Dios! = for crying out loud!.
    * por el bien del saber = for knowledge's sake.
    * por el contrario = by contrast, conversely, however, in contrast, instead, on the contrary, by way of contrast, to the contrary, quite the opposite, by comparison, contrariwise, quite the contrary, quite the reverse.
    * por el cual = whereby, whereupon.
    * por el detalle = for detail.
    * por el día = by day, daytime [day-time], during the daytime, in the daytime, during daytime.
    * por el día o por la noche = day or night.
    * por el día y por la noche = day and night, night and day.
    * por elección propia = by choice.
    * por el gobierno = governmentally + Adjetivo.
    * por el gobierno federal = federally.
    * por el hecho de que = because of the fact that.
    * por el hombre = humanly.
    * por ello = on this basis, on that basis, accordingly.
    * por el mero hecho de saber = for knowledge's sake.
    * por el método de ensayo y error = by trial and error, trial and error.
    * por el modo = by the way.
    * por el momento = for the time being, momentarily, at the moment, for the nonce, for the present.
    * por el placer de hacerlo = (just) for the fun of (doing) it.
    * por el que se puede cobrar = chargeable.
    * por el receptor = at the receiving end.
    * por el sexo = gendered.
    * por encargo = custom, bespoke.
    * por encima = overhead, cursorily.
    * por encima de = across, beyond, beyond all, over, over and above, beyond the range of, well over + Expresión Numérica, overarching, above.
    * por encima de + Cantidad = in excess of + Cantidad.
    * por encima de eso = beyond that.
    * por encima del 10 por ciento = double digit, double figure.
    * por encima de la media = above average.
    * por encima de la tierra = aboveground.
    * por encima de toda crítica = beyond reproach, above reproach.
    * por encima de toda duda = beyond reproach, above reproach.
    * por encima de toda razón = beyond reason.
    * por encima de toda sospecha = above suspicion.
    * por encima de todo = at all costs, at any cost, at any price.
    * por ende = thereby, accordingly, therefore.
    * por enfado = out of anger.
    * por enojo = out of anger.
    * por error = by mistake.
    * por esa razón = thereby, for that reason.
    * por escrito = in writing, in print, written.
    * por eso = on that score, therefore.
    * por eso que = hence.
    * por esta razón = for this reason.
    * por esta única razón = for this reason alone.
    * por este motivo = for this reason.
    * por esto = thus, accordingly, therefore.
    * por etapas = staged.
    * por excelencia = par excellence, quintessential, unique.
    * por exceso = excessively, to excess.
    * por explotar = untapped.
    * por + Expresión Temporal = by the + Expresión Temporal.
    * por extensión = by extension.
    * por extenso = in full, at length.
    * por falta de = for want of, for lack of.
    * por fases = staged.
    * por favor = please.
    * por favor, responda = RSVP [R.S.V.P.].
    * por fin = at length, at last, finally, at long last.
    * por fin llegó la hora (de) = it's about time (that).
    * por frustración = out of frustration.
    * por fuera = outwardly, outwardly.
    * por grupos = in batches.
    * por gusto = for kicks, (just) for the fun of (doing) it, (just) for the hell of (doing) it.
    * por hora = hourly.
    * por horas = on an hourly basis.
    * por igual = alike, on an equitable basis, equally, in equal measure(s).
    * por imitación = copycat.
    * por incremento gradual = incremental.
    * por incrementos graduales = incrementally.
    * por individuo = per capita, per person.
    * por iniciativa de = at the instigation of, under the auspices of.
    * por instinto = instinctively.
    * por interés = out of interest.
    * por interés personal = self-interested.
    * por investigar = unresearched.
    * por invitación = invitational.
    * por invitación de = at the invitation of.
    * por la borda = overboard.
    * por la cantidad de + Número = amounting to + Cantidad.
    * por la forma = by the way.
    * por la friolera de + Cantidad = to the tune of + Cantidad.
    * por la fuerza = forcibly.
    * por la mala fortuna = by ill fate.
    * por la mala suerte = by ill luck, by bad luck, by ill fate.
    * por la manera = by the way.
    * por la mañana = in the morning.
    * por la mañana y por la noche = morning and night.
    * por la noche = overnight, at night, night-time, after dark, by night.
    * por la posibilidad de = at the prospect of.
    * por la presente = hereby.
    * por las buenas o por las malas = by hook or by crook.
    * por la sencilla razón = for no other reason.
    * por las nubes = soaring.
    * por la tarde = in the evening.
    * por ley = mandated.
    * por libre = freelance.
    * por línea telefónica = over the telephone line.
    * por lo general = on the whole, all in all, in general, generally, generally speaking, in the normal run of events, in the normal run of things.
    * por lo pronto = for the time being.
    * por lo que = so.
    * por lo que concierne a = as far as + Nombre + be + concerned, so far as + Nombre + be concerned.
    * por lo que concierne a Uno = on + Posesivo + side.
    * por lo que dicen todos = by all accounts.
    * por lo que es = in + Posesivo + own right.
    * por lo que incumbe a Uno = on + Posesivo + side.
    * ¡Por lo que más quieras! = for God's sake.
    * por lo que se refiere a = moving on to.
    * por lo que son = in + Posesivo + own right.
    * por lo que yo sé = to the best of my knowledge.
    * por los pelos = by the skin of + Posesivo + teeth, close call, close shave.
    * por los siguientes motivos = on the following counts.
    * por los suelos = in tatters.
    * por lo tanto = consequently, ergo, so, then, thereby, therefore, thus, it follows that.
    * por lo visto = apparently, apparently.
    * por mala fortuna = unfortunately, unhappily, sadly.
    * por mala suerte = by ill luck, by bad luck, by a stroke of bad luck, by ill fate.
    * por mal camino = astray.
    * por más que lo intento = for the life of me.
    * por materias = subject-based, topically.
    * por mecionar sólo unos cuantos = to mention only a few.
    * por medio = out of.
    * por medio de = by means of, by way of, in the form of, through, via, via the medium of, by dint of, through the agency of.
    * por medio de isótopos = isotopically.
    * por medio de otro(s) = by proxy.
    * por medio de una agencia = on a bureau basis.
    * por mencionar sólo algunos = to mention but a few of, to mention only a few.
    * por mencionar sólo unos cuantos = to mention but a few of, to name only some.
    * por mencionar sólo unos pocos = to name but a few.
    * por mencionar unos pocos = just to name a few.
    * por menús = menu-driven.
    * por méritos = meritorious.
    * por mes = per month.
    * por miedo de = for fear of/that.
    * por millones = in the millions, by the millions.
    * por mor de = because of, out of consideration for, out of respect for.
    * por motivo de = in the interest(s) of.
    * por motivos de = for the sake of, on grounds.
    * por motivos de + Nombre = for + Nombre's sake.
    * por muchas razones = in many ways.
    * por mucho que lo intento = for the life of me.
    * por mucho tiempo = for long, for long periods of time.
    * por muy + Adjetivo/Adverbio + Nombre + que + Subjuntivo = however + Adjetivo/Adverbio + Nombre + Verbo.
    * por muy + Adjetivo/Adverbio + que sea = however + Adjetivo/Adverbio.
    * por muy + Adjetivo + be = Adjetivo + though + Nombre + be.
    * por muy difícil que parezca = difficult though it may seem, difficult as it may seem.
    * por muy extraño que parezca = oddly enough, strangely enough, strange though it may seem, strange as it may seem, although it may seem strange, funnily enough, funnily.
    * por muy increíble que parezca = incredible though it may seem, incredibly, incredibly enough, incredible as it may seem, although it may seem incredible.
    * por muy mentira que parezca = incredibly, incredible though it may seem, strangely enough, incredibly enough, incredible as it may seem, strange though it may seem, strange as it may seem, although it may seem strange, although it may seem incredible.
    * por muy raro que parezca = strangely enough, oddly enough, strange though it may seem, strange as it may seem, although it may seem strange.
    * por nada = for nothing.
    * por nada del mundo = for the life of me.
    * por nada or casi nada = at little or no extra cost.
    * por naturaleza = by nature, by definition, characteristically, natural-born, naturally, inherently.
    * por necesidad = of necessity, out of necessity.
    * por niveles = multilayered [multi-layered/multi layered], multilayer, layered, tiered.
    * por no decir algo peor = to put it mildly.
    * por no decir nada de = to say nothing of.
    * por no decir nunca = if ever.
    * por no decir otra cosa peor = to say the least.
    * por nombrar (sólo) + Número = to name (only) + Número.
    * por nombrar sólo unos cuantos = to name only some.
    * por nombrar sólo unos pocos = to name but a few.
    * por + Nombre = on a + Adjetivo + basis.
    * por no mencionar = not to mention.
    * por norma = as a rule.
    * por + Número + cosas = on + Número + counts.
    * por orden de = mandated.
    * por orden del congreso = congressionally mandated.
    * por orden de llegada = on a first come first served basis.
    * por orden numérico = in numerical order.
    * por otra parte = on the other hand, on the other side, on the flip side.
    * por otro lado = alternatively, however, on the other hand, on the other side, for another thing, on the flip side, on another topic, on another matter, on another note, on other matters.
    * por parejas = in pairs.
    * por parte de = on the part of.
    * por parte de uno = on + Posesivo + part.
    * por pasar el rato = (just) for the fun of (doing) it, (just) for the hell of (doing) it.
    * por pereza = lazily.
    * por + Período de Tiempo = for + Expresión Temporal.
    * por persona = per person.
    * por placer = for kicks, (just) for the fun of (doing) it, (just) for the hell of (doing) it.
    * por poco dinero = cheaply.
    * por poco o nada = at little or no extra cost.
    * por poderes = by proxy.
    * por poner un ejemplo + Adjetivo = to take a + Adjetivo + example.
    * por poner un ejemplo sobre + Nombre = to take + Nombre.
    * por + Posesivo + cuenta = at + Posesivo + own expense.
    * por + Posesivo + parte = for + Posesivo + part.
    * por + Posesivo + propia cuenta = at + Posesivo + own expense.
    * por + Posesivo + (propia) naturaleza = in + Posesivo + nature.
    * por primera vez = first + Verbo, for the first time, for once.
    * por principio = on principle.
    * por principios = as a matter of principle.
    * por probar nada se pierde = nothing ventured, nothing gained.
    * por + Pronombre + mismo = all by + Reflexivo, by + Reflexivo.
    * por propia iniciativa = self-directed.
    * por pura curiosidad = just out of interest, (just) as a mater of interest.
    * por pura diversión = for kicks.
    * por puro entretenimiento = (just) for the fun of (doing) it, (just) for the hell of (doing) it.
    * por puro placer = (just) for the fun of (doing) it, (just) for the hell of (doing) it.
    * por qué = why.
    * por razones + Adjetivo = for + Nombre + purposes.
    * por razones de = for the sake of.
    * por razones de seguridad = for security reasons, for safety reasons.
    * por razones éticas = on moral grounds.
    * por razones morales = on moral grounds.
    * por razones personales = for personal reasons.
    * por + Reflexivo + cuenta = for + Reflexivo.
    * por rencor = out of spite.
    * por respeto a = out of respect for, out of consideration for.
    * por rumores = grapevine.
    * por rutina = routinely.
    * por sacos = by the sackful.
    * por satélite = satellite-based.
    * por segunda vez = a second time, the second time around, a second time around.
    * por seguridad = for safety reasons.
    * por semana = per week.
    * por separado = at different times, in isolation, separately, singly.
    * por ser + Adjetivo = as being + Adjetivo.
    * por sexo = along gender lines.
    * por si = in the chance that.
    * por si acaso = in case of, on the off chance, just in case, on spec, for good measure.
    * por si casualidad = in the chance that.
    * por si era poco = for good measure.
    * por si fuera poco = to boot, for good measure, to add insult to injury, to add salt to injury, to rub salt in the wound.
    * por si hace falta consultarlo en el futuro = for future reference.
    * por si las moscas = just in case, on spec.
    * por sí mismo = for its/their own sake, in itself, in + Posesivo + own right, itself, unto + Reflexivo, in and of + Reflexivo.
    * por sí mismos = in themselves.
    * por simple curiosidad = (just) as a mater of interest, just out of interest.
    * por si sirve de algo = for what it's worth [FWIW].
    * por sí solo = by itself, for its/their own sake, on its own, in and of + Reflexivo, in itself.
    * por sí solos = by themselves, in themselves.
    * por si + tener + suerte = on spec.
    * por sorpresa = unawares.
    * por su cuenta y riesgo = at + Posesivo + own risk.
    * por suerte = luckily, fortunately, happily.
    * por suerte o por desgracia = for better or (for) worse, by luck or misfortune.
    * por su naturaleza = by + Posesivo + nature.
    * por su papel = in its role.
    * por su parte = in + Posesivo + own right.
    * por su propia voluntad = of its own accord.
    * por su propio derecho = in + Posesivo + own right.
    * por supuesto = of course, surely, to be sure, certainly.
    * ¡por supuesto que no! = heaven forbid, heaven forbid.
    * por suscripción = subscriber + Nombre.
    * por su volatilidad = mercurially.
    * por su volubilidad = mercurially.
    * por tanto = consequently, ergo, so, then, thereby, therefore, thus, it follows that.
    * por teléfono = on the telephone, by tele(phone), over the phone, over the telephone.
    * por temas = topically.
    * por temor a = for fear of/that.
    * por temor a represalias = under duress.
    * por término medio = on average.
    * por toda la ciudad = citywide [city-wide].
    * por toda la Internet = Internet-wide.
    * por toda la nación = nationwide [nation-wide].
    * por toda la provincia = province-wide.
    * por toda la vida = lifetime [life-time].
    * por todas las instituciones oficiales = government-wide.
    * por todas partes = all over the place, everywhere, widely, all around, far and wide.
    * por toda una vida = lifetime [life-time].
    * por todo = all over, throughout, all the way through.
    * por todo el campus universitario = campus-wide [campuswide].
    * por todo el continente = continent-wide.
    * por todo el distrito = district-wide [districtwide].
    * por todo el gobierno = government-wide.
    * por todo el mundo = worldwide [world-wide], around the world, across the globe, around the globe, across the world, around the planet, the world over.
    * por todo el planeta = across the planet, planet-wide.
    * por todo el servicio = service-wide.
    * por todo lo alto = grandly, on a grand scale.
    * por todo + Lugar = up and down + Lugar.
    * por todo + Nombre de Lugar = across + Nombre de Lugar.
    * por todos conocido = well-known.
    * por todos lados = left, right and centre, far and wide.
    * por todos los medios = by all means.
    * por todos sitios = everywhere.
    * por triplicado = in triplicate.
    * por trueque = in kind.
    * por turnos = on a rotating basis, on a rota basis, on a rota system, on a rota.
    * por última vez = for the last time, one last time.
    * por último = finally, last, lastly, ultimately.
    * por último pero no menos importante = last but not least.
    * por una lado... por otro = at one end... at the other.
    * por unanimidad = unanimously.
    * por una parte = on the one hand, on the one side.
    * por un gran margen = by a huge margin.
    * por un gustazo, un trancazo = a kingdom for a kiss.
    * por unidad = per unit.
    * por un lado = for one, on the one hand, on the one side.
    * por un lado entra + Nombre + y por otro sale + Nombre = in go + Nombre + at one end, and out come + Nombre + at the other.
    * por un momento = for a moment.
    * por uno mismo = on + Posesivo + own, for + Reflexivo.
    * por unos momentos = for a few moments, for a short time.
    * por uno solo = solo.
    * por un período de tiempo limitado = on a short-term basis.
    * por un tiempo = for a time.
    * por un tiempo indefinido = for an indefinite time to come, for indefinite time.
    * por valor de + Cantidad = amounting to + Cantidad.
    * por varias razones = for a variety of reasons, for a number of reasons.
    * por varios motivos = for a number of reasons.
    * por venganza = out of spite.
    * por voluntad propia = voluntarily.
    * quedar por ver = remain + to be seen.
    * tirar dinero y esfuerzo por la borda = be money and effort down the drain.
    * transporte por tierra = land transport.
    * utilizar por primera vez = pioneer.
    * venta al por mayor = wholesaling.

    * * *
    A en relaciones causales
    B según
    C ¿por qué?
    D en locuciones
    E en expresiones concesivas
    F
    1 en expresiones de modo
    2 indicando el medio
    3 Educación
    G
    1 en relaciones de proporción
    2 en multiplicaciones
    H
    1 en relaciones de sustitución etc
    2 por ejemplo
    I como
    A al expresar finalidad, objetivo
    B indicando consideración, favor
    C indicando inclinación, elección
    D en busca de
    E en lo que respecta a
    F indicando una situación pendiente
    G estar por
    A indicando lugar de acceso, salida
    B
    C expresando lugar determinado
    D indicando extensión
    A expresando tiempo aproximado
    B indicando una ocasión
    C durante
    he puesto esto aquí por el gato I've put this here because of the cat
    nunca se lo dijo por miedo a perderla he never told her out of fear of losing her o because he was afraid of losing her
    eso te pasa por crédulo that's what you get for being (so) gullible
    lo conseguimos por él we got it thanks to him
    ella es así por naturaleza she's like that by nature
    lo hace por necesidad he does it out of necessity
    no se acabó por falta de dinero it wasn't finished for o because of o owing to lack of money
    el final no por conocido me resulta menos triste knowing how it ends doesn't make it any less sad
    por su alto contenido en proteínas because of o owing to its high protein content
    tanto por su precio como por su practicidad both for its price and its practical design
    fue por eso por lo que no te llamé or fue por eso que no te llamé that was the reason o that was why I didn't call you
    precisamente por eso no dije nada that's precisely why I didn't say anything
    la muerte se produjo por asfixia he suffocated, death was caused by suffocation ( frml)
    éste serviría si no fuera por el color this one would do if it weren't for the color
    fue elogiado por su excelente actuación he was praised for his excellent performance
    por + INF for -ING
    me pidió perdón por haberme mentido he apologized for lying o for having lied to me
    B (según) from
    por lo que he oído from what I've heard
    por lo que parece no va a volver it seems o it would seem he's not coming back
    por mi experiencia diría que … from my experience, I would say that …
    C ( fam):
    ¿por? why?
    ¿con quién vas? — con Daniel ¿por? who are you going with? — with Daniel, why? o why do you want to know?
    ¿por qué lloras? why are you crying?
    ¿por qué no vienes a almorzar a casa? why don't you come to my house for lunch?
    por si in case
    llévate una muda, por si tuvieras que quedarte take a change of clothes (just) in case you have to stay
    acaso, mosca2 (↑ mosca (2))
    por más que me esfuerzo me sigue saliendo mal no matter how hard I try o however hard I try, I still can't get it right
    (+ subj): por (muy) fácil que se lo pongan, no creo que lo sepa hacer however easy o no matter how easy they make it for him I don't think he'll be able to do it
    F
    1
    (en expresiones de modo): clasifícalos por tamaño classify them according to size o by size
    colóquense por orden de altura line up in order of height
    por adelantado in advance
    por escrito in writing
    2
    (indicando el medio): se lo comunicaron por teléfono they told him over the phone
    lo dijeron por la radio they said it on the radio
    lo mandaron por avión/barco they sent it by air/sea
    por carretera by road
    la conocí por la voz I recognized the o her voice, I recognized her by her voice
    me enteré por un amigo I heard from o through a friend
    lo intenté por todos los medios I tried everything possible o every possible way
    es doctor honoris causa por Oxford he has an honorary doctorate from Oxford
    un graduado en ciencias políticas por la universidad de Granada a graduate in political science from the university of Granada
    G
    1
    (en relaciones de proporción): cobra $30 por clase he charges $30 a o per class
    120 kilómetros por hora 120 kilometers an o per hour
    lo venden por metro they sell it by the meter
    tú comes por tres you eat enough for three people
    había un hombre por cada dos mujeres there was one man to every two women
    tiene tres metros de largo por uno de ancho it's three meters long by one meter wide
    ya hemos hecho bastante por hoy we've done enough for today
    los hizo entrar uno por uno she made them come in one by one o one at a time
    examinar un escrito punto por punto to go through a document point by point
    ciento2 (↑ ciento (2))
    (en multiplicaciones): tres por cuatro (son) doce three times four is twelve, three fours are twelve
    H
    1
    (en relaciones de sustitución, intercambio, representación): su secretaria firmó por él his secretary signed for him o on his behalf
    yo puedo ir por ti I can go for you o in your place
    por toda respuesta se encogió de hombros all he did was shrug his shoulders
    tú podrías pasar por inglesa you could pass as English o for an Englishwoman
    te dan uno nuevo por dos viejos they give you one new one in exchange for two old ones
    es senador por Canarias he's a senator for the Canary Islands
    2
    (como): por ejemplo for example
    ¿acepta usted por esposa a Carmen? do you take Carmen to be your (lawful wedded) wife?
    un lugar frecuentado por muchos famosos a place frequented by many famous people
    se vieron sorprendidos por una tormenta they were caught in a sudden storm
    la ocupación de la fábrica por (parte de) los obreros the occupation of the factory by the workers
    ver tb parte2 f B. (↑ parte (2))
    A
    (al expresar finalidad, objetivo): se estaban peleando por la pelota they were fighting over the ball
    lo hace por el dinero he does it for the money
    te lo digo por tu bien I'm telling you for your own good
    por + INF:
    daría cualquier cosa por verte contento I'd give anything to see you happy
    no entré por no molestar I didn't go in so as not to disturb him o because I didn't want to disturb him
    eso es hablar por hablar that's talking for the sake of talking o for the sake of it
    estaba ansioso por que lo escucharan he was eager for them to listen to him
    recemos por que lleguen a un acuerdo let's pray that they'll come to an agreement
    siguieron luchando por que se hiciera justicia they continued fighting for justice to be done
    B
    (indicando consideración, favor): haría cualquier cosa por ti I'd do anything for you
    intercede por nosotros intercede for us
    por mí no lo hagas don't do it just for me o for my sake
    C
    (indicando inclinación, elección): su amor por la música her love of music
    demostró gran interés por el cuadro he showed great interest in the painting
    no siento nada por él I don't feel anything for him
    opté por no ir I chose not to go
    votó por ella he voted for her
    ¿por la afirmativa? all those in favor?
    se manifestaron por el derecho al aborto they demonstrated for the right to abortion
    estar por algn ( fam); to be crazy about sb
    D
    (en busca de): salió/fue poror ( Esp) a por pan he went (out) for some bread, he went (out) to get some bread
    E
    (en lo que respecta a): por mí no hay inconveniente I don't mind
    que haga lo que le dé la gana, por mí … let him do what he likes, as far as I'm concerned …
    tengo toda la casa por limpiar I've got the whole house to clean
    estos cambios aún están por hacer these changes have still not been made o are yet to be made
    ver2 vt C 1. (↑ ver (2))
    G
    ( AmL) estar por + INF (estar a punto de): deben de estar por llegar they should be arriving any minute
    la leche está por hervir the milk's about to boil
    A
    (indicando lugar de acceso, salida, trayectoria): entró por la ventana he came in through the window
    sal por aquí go out this way
    el acceso al edificio es por la calle Lamas you enter the building from Lamas Street
    el piano no va a pasar por la puerta the piano won't go through the door
    se cayó por la escalera he fell down the stairs
    subieron por la ladera este they went up by the east face
    ¿el 121 va por (la) Avenida Rosas? does the 121 go along Rosas Avenue?
    fuimos por el camino más largo we took the longer route
    no vayas por ahí que te vas a perder don't go that way, you'll get lost
    ¿por dónde has venido? which way did you come?
    ¿puedes pasar por la tintorería? could you call in at o drop by the drycleaner's?
    B
    (expresando lugar indeterminado): está por ahí he's over there somewhere
    ¿por dónde está or queda el restaurante? whereabouts is the restaurant?
    viven por el sur/por mi barrio they live in the south somewhere/around my area
    hace mucho que no lo vemos por aquí we haven't seen him around here for ages
    ¿qué tal te fue por Londres? how did you get on in London?
    C
    (expresando lugar determinado): corta por aquí cut here
    voy por la página 15 I'm up to o I'm on page 15
    empieza por el principio start at the beginning
    agárralo por el mango hold it by the handle
    D
    (indicando extensión): lo he buscado por todos lados or por todas partes I've looked everywhere for it
    la epidemia se extendió por todo el país the epidemic spread throughout the (whole) country
    estuvimos viajando por el norte de Francia we were traveling around o in the North of France
    fuimos a caminar por la playa we went for a walk along the beach
    pasa un trapo por el piso give the floor a quick wipe
    A
    (expresando tiempo aproximado): por aquella época at that time
    por aquel entonces vivían en Pozuelo at that time they were living in Pozuelo
    sucedió por allá por 1960 it happened some time back around 1960
    me lo regalaron por mi cumpleaños they gave it to me for my birthday
    por Semana Santa pensamos ir a Londres we're thinking of going to London for Easter
    C (durante) for
    por los siglos de los siglos for ever and ever
    no se lo confío ni por un minuto I wouldn't trust him with it for a minute
    puede quedar así por el momento or por ahora it can stay like that for the time being o for now
    ver tb mañana3 (↑ mañana (3)), tarde2 (↑ tarde (2)), noche
    * * *

     

    por preposición
    1 ( causa) because of;
    por falta de dinero because of o owing to lack of money;

    por naturaleza by nature;
    por necesidad out of necessity;
    por eso no dije nada that's why I didn't say anything;
    fue por eso que no te llamé that was why I didn't call you;
    si no fuera por mi hijo … if it wasn't for my son …;
    me pidió perdón por haberme mentido he apologized for lying o for having lied to me
    2 ( en locs)

    no dijo por qué he didn't say why;
    ¿por qué no vienes conmigo? why don't you come with me?;
    por si in case;
    por si no entiende in case he doesn't understand;
    See Also→ acaso 2, mosca
    3 ( en expresiones concesivas):
    por más que me esfuerzo however hard o no matter how hard I try;

    por (muy) fácil que sea however easy o no matter how easy it is
    4
    a) ( modo):


    por adelantado in advance;
    por escrito in writing
    b) ( medio):


    lo dijeron por la radio they said it on the radio;
    por avión by air;
    la conocí por la voz I recognized her by her voice;
    me enteré por un amigo I heard from o through a friend
    5

    cobra $30 por clase he charges $30 a o per class;

    120 kilómetros por hora 120 kilometers an o per hour;
    por metro/docena by the meter/dozen;
    tú comes por tres you eat enough for three people;
    tiene tres metros de largo por uno de ancho it's three meters long by one meter wide;
    uno por uno one by one;
    See Also→ ciento sustantivo masculino b


    6

    su secretaria firmó por él his secretary signed for him o on his behalf;

    pasa por inglesa she passes for an Englishwoman
    b) ( como):


    7 ( introduciendo el agente) by;

    1 (finalidad, objetivo):

    lo hace por el dinero he does it for the money;
    no entré por no molestarlo I didn't go in because I didn't want to disturb him;
    por que + subj (here por que can also be written porque): estaba ansioso por que lo escucharan he was eager for them to listen to him
    2 (indicando inclinación, elección):

    no siento nada por él I don't feel anything for him;
    votó por ella he voted for her
    3 ( en busca de): salió/fue por or (Esp) a por pan he went (out) for some bread, he went (out) to get some bread
    4 ( en lo que respecta a):
    por mí que haga lo que quiera as far as I'm concerned, he can do what he likes

    5 (esp AmL) estar por + inf ( estar a punto de) to be about to + inf;

    deben (de) estar por llegar they should be arriving any minute
    1
    a) ( lugar):


    sal por aquí go out this way;
    se cayó por la escalera he fell down the stairs;
    ¿el 121 va por (la) Avenida Rosas? does the 121 go along Rosas Avenue?;
    ¿por dónde has venido? which way did you come?;
    está por ahí he's over there somewhere;
    ¿por dónde está el hotel? whereabouts is the hotel?;
    viven por mi barrio they live around my area;
    voy por la página 15 I'm up to o I'm on page 15;
    empieza por el principio start at the beginning;
    agárralo por el mango hold it by the handle
    b) ( indicando extensión): por todos lados or por todas partes everywhere;

    viajamos por el norte de Francia we traveled around o in the North of France;

    ver tb dentro, fuera, encima, etc
    2 ( tiempo) for;

    por el momento or por ahora for the time being, for now;
    ver tb mañana, tarde, noche
    3 (Esp) ( ocasión) for;

    por preposición
    1 (autoría) by: está escrito por mí, it was written by me
    2 (camino, lugar) through: viajamos por Castilla, we travelled round Castilla
    3 (medio) lo enviaron por avión, they sent it by plane
    me enteré por el periódico, I read about it in the newspaper
    4 (motivo, causa) because of
    por tu culpa, because of you
    (en favor de) for: hazlo por ellos, do it for their sake
    por la libertad, for freedom
    5 (en torno a) por San Juan, near Saint John's Day
    6 (durante) por la mañana/noche, in the morning/at night
    por el momento, for the time being
    7 (a través) entramos por la puerta, we got in through the door
    miramos por la ventana, we looked out (of) the window
    pasamos por la ciudad, we went through the town
    8 (sobre, por encima de) cruzaremos por el puente, we'll cross the bridge
    9 (delante de) paso todos los días por tu casa, I go by your house every day
    10 (a cambio de) for: te doy mi helado por tu yogur, I'll swap you my ice-cream for your yoghurt
    11 (en una distribución, cálculo) por cabeza, a head, per person
    mil pesetas por hora, a thousand pesetas per hour
    dos mil revoluciones por minuto, two thousand revolutions per minute
    12 (en una multiplicación) dos por dos, cuatro, two times two is four
    un diez por ciento, ten per cent
    13 (con infinitivo) in order to, so as to
    trabajar por trabajar, to work for the sake of it
    ♦ Locuciones: por así decirlo, so to speak
    por más/mucho que..., no matter how...
    por qué, why
    ' por' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    A
    - abogar
    - abonar
    - abonarse
    - abotargada
    - abotargado
    - abuelo
    - acabar
    - acaso
    - accidente
    - acercarse
    - acertar
    - aclamación
    - acomplejada
    - acomplejado
    - acomplejarse
    - acoquinar
    - acostumbrar
    - actual
    - adelantada
    - adelantado
    - adivinar
    - admitir
    - adoración
    - aérea
    - aéreo
    - afanarse
    - afectada I
    - afectado
    - afición
    - agradecer
    - aguantar
    - ahí
    - ahogada
    - ahogado
    - ahora
    - ahorcarse
    - ahorrar
    - aire
    - alegrarse
    - algo
    - allá
    - allí
    - almacén
    - alquiler
    - alta
    - alto
    - aludida
    - aludido
    - amarga
    English:
    A
    - aback
    - ablaze
    - about
    - above
    - absence
    - absorb
    - accident
    - accidentally
    - acclaim
    - accompany
    - accord
    - accordingly
    - account
    - accustom
    - actual
    - actually
    - add to
    - advocate
    - after
    - afternoon
    - again
    - against
    - air
    - airmail
    - alert
    - allowance
    - alone
    - alphabetically
    - alternately
    - amble
    - amends
    - amok
    - angry
    - annihilate
    - annoy
    - answer for
    - answering service
    - antipathy
    - anxious
    - anywhere
    - apologetic
    - apologize
    - appal
    - appall
    - apparently
    - appearance
    - appease
    - appointment
    - appreciate
    * * *
    por prep
    1. [indica causa] because of;
    llegó tarde por el tráfico she was late because of the traffic;
    lo hizo por amor he did it out of o for love;
    me disculpé por llegar tarde I apologized for arriving late;
    miré dentro por simple curiosidad I looked inside out of pure curiosity;
    accidentes por conducción temeraria accidents caused by reckless driving;
    muertes por enfermedades cardiovasculares deaths from cardiovascular disease;
    no quise llamar por la hora (que era) I didn't want to call because of the time;
    cerrado por vacaciones/reformas [en letrero] closed for holidays/alterations;
    por mí no te preocupes don't worry about me;
    Esp
    fue por eso por lo que tuvimos tantos problemas, Am [m5] fue por eso que tuvimos tantos problemas that's why we had so many problems;
    eso te pasa por (ser tan) generoso that's what you get for being so generous;
    la razón por (la) que dimite the reason (why) she is resigning;
    ¿por qué? why?;
    ¿por qué no vienes? why don't you come?;
    ¿por qué lo preguntas? – por nada why do you ask? – no reason;
    Fam
    ¿por? why?;
    por si in case;
    por si se te olvida in case you forget
    2. [indica indicio]
    por lo que me dices/lo que he oído no debe de ser tan difícil from what you say/what I've heard, it can't be that difficult;
    por lo que tengo entendido, viven juntos as I understand it, they live together, my understanding is that they live together;
    por lo visto, por lo que se ve apparently
    3. [indica finalidad] (antes de infinitivo) (in order) to;
    * * *
    prp
    1 motivo for, because of;
    lo hace por mí he does it for me;
    lo hizo por amor she did it out of o for love;
    luchó por sus ideales he fought for his ideals;
    por miedo a ofenderle for fear of upsetting her;
    vino por verme he came to see me
    2 medio by;
    por avión by air;
    por correo by mail, Br
    tb by post
    :
    por un año/un segundo for a year/a second;
    por la mañana in the morning;
    por Navidad around Christmas
    :
    por la calle down the street;
    por un tunel through a tunnel;
    por aquí this way
    5 posición aproximada around, about;
    está por aquí it’s around here (somewhere);
    vive por el centro de la ciudad she lives somewhere around the center of town
    :
    por cincuenta pesos for fifty pesos;
    por cabeza each, a head
    :
    por hora an o per hour;
    dos por dos two times two;
    ¿por qué? why?;
    por el que … the reason why …;
    esa factura aún está por pagar that invoice still has to be paid;
    por difícil que sea however difficult it might be
    * * *
    por prep
    1) : for, during
    se quedaron allí por la semana: they stayed there during the week
    por el momento: for now, at the moment
    2) : around, during
    por noviembre empieza a nevar: around November it starts to snow
    por la mañana: in the morning
    3) : around (a place)
    debe estar por allí: it must be over there
    por todas partes: everywhere
    4) : by, through, along
    por la puerta: through the door
    pasé por tu casa: I stopped by your house
    por la costa: along the coast
    5) : for, for the sake of
    lo hizo por su madre: he did it for his mother
    ¡por Dios!: for heaven's sake!
    6) : because of, on account of
    llegué tarde por el tráfico: I arrived late because of the traffic
    dejar por imposible: to give up as impossible
    7) : per
    60 millas por hora: 60 miles per hour
    por docena: by the dozen
    8) : for, in exchange for, instead of
    su hermana habló por él: his sister spoke on his behalf
    9) : by means of
    hablar por teléfono: to talk on the phone
    por escrito: in writing
    10) : as for
    por mí: as far as I'm concerned
    11) : times
    tres por dos son seis: three times two is six
    12) según: from, according to
    por lo que dices: judging from what you're telling me
    13) : as, for
    por ejemplo: for example
    14) : by
    hecho por mi abuela: made by my grandmother
    por correo: by mail
    15) : for, in order to
    lucha por ganar su respeto: he struggles to win her respect
    estar por : to be about to
    por ciento : percent
    por favor : please
    por lo tanto : therefore, consequently
    ¿por qué? : why?
    por... que : no matter how
    por mucho que intente: no matter how hard I try
    por si or
    por si acaso : just in case
    * * *
    por prep
    1. (a través de) through
    2. (la calle) along / down
    3. (indica camino) via / by
    6. (a causa de) because of
    7. (a fin de) to / in order to
    10. (multiplicado) times
    12. (en vez de) instead of
    ir por / ir a por to fetch
    ¡ve a por mis zapatillas, por favor! fetch my slippers, please!
    por + adjetivo however + adjective
    por lo general generally / usually
    por si... in case...
    ¿por qué? why?

    Spanish-English dictionary > por

  • 15 reason

    1.
    ['riːzn]noun
    1) (cause) Grund, der

    there is [no/every] reason to assume or believe that... — es besteht [kein/ein guter] Grund zu der Annahme, dass...

    have no reason to complain or for complaint — sich nicht beklagen können

    for that [very] reason — aus [eben] diesem Grund

    no particular reason(as answer) einfach so

    all the more reason for doing something — ein Grund mehr, etwas zu tun

    for no obvious reasonaus keinem ersichtlichen Grund

    for the [simple] reason that... — [einfach,] weil...

    by reason of — wegen; aufgrund

    2) no pl., no art. (power to understand; sense; Philos.) Vernunft, die; (sanity) gesunder Verstand

    lose one's reasonden Verstand verlieren

    you can have anything within reasondu kannst alles haben, solange es im Rahmen bleibt

    not listen to reasonsich (Dat.) nichts sagen lassen

    it stands to reason that... — es ist unzweifelhaft, dass...

    2. intransitive verb
    2)

    reason withdiskutieren mit (about, on über + Akk.)

    you can't reason with hermit ihr kann man nicht vernünftig reden

    3. transitive verb

    ours not to reason why — es ist nicht unsere Sache, nach dem Warum zu fragen

    Phrasal Verbs:
    - academic.ru/90768/reason_out">reason out
    * * *
    rea·son
    [ˈri:zən]
    I. n
    1. (cause) Grund m ( for für + akk)
    the \reason [that] I'm asking is that... der Grund, warum ich frage, ist, dass...
    for \reasons best known to herself, she's decided to... aus Gründen, die nur sie allein kennt, hat sie beschlossen zu...
    there's no \reason to complain es gibt keinen Anlass, sich zu beschweren
    give me one good \reason why I should stay nenne mir einen guten Grund, warum ich bleiben sollte
    for \reasons of health aus gesundheitlichen Gründen
    not guilty by \reason of insanity LAW nicht schuldig wegen Unzurechnungsfähigkeit
    for \reasons of state aus Gründen der Staatsräson
    there is every \reason to believe that... es spricht alles dafür, dass...
    to have good/every [good]/no \reason to do sth guten/allen/keinen Grund haben, etw zu tun
    the police have every good \reason to believe that... die Polizei hat allen Grund zur Annahme, dass...
    for no obvious/particular \reason aus keinem ersichtlichen/besonderen Grund
    for personal \reasons aus persönlichen Gründen
    for some \reason aus irgendeinem Grund
    by \reason of sth aufgrund [o wegen] einer S. gen
    the \reason why [der Grund,] warum
    the \reason why he did it was a mystery to us all [der Grund,] warum er es getan hast, war uns allen ein Rätsel
    I'd like to know the \reason why ich wüsste gern, warum [o weshalb]
    and that's the \reason why we decided against it und deshalb [o darum] haben wir uns dagegen entschieden
    and that's the \reason why! und das ist der Grund dafür!
    2. no pl (good cause) Grund m
    to do sth with \reason etw aus gutem Grund tun
    she was furious, and with \reason sie war wütend, und das aus gutem Grund
    there is \reason to believe that... es gibt Grund zur Annahme, dass
    to have \reason to believe that... Grund zur Annahme haben, dass...
    3. no pl (power to think) Denkvermögen nt
    the power of \reason logisches Denkvermögen
    4. no pl (common sense) Vernunft f
    there was \reason in what he said was er sagte, klang vernünftig
    the Age of R\reason das Zeitalter der Vernunft
    to reach the age of \reason vernünftig werden
    to be [or go] beyond all \reason vollkommen unsinnig sein
    to bring sb to \reason jdn zur Vernunft bringen
    to see [or listen to] \reason auf die Stimme der Vernunft hören
    they tried to persuade him, but he wouldn't listen to \reason sie versuchten, ihn zu überreden, aber er ließ sich einfach nichts sagen
    it stands to \reason that... es ist logisch, dass...
    within \reason innerhalb eines vernünftigen Rahmens
    you can choose your own gift, within \reason wenn es im Rahmen bleibt, kannst du dir dein Geschenk selbst aussuchen
    we'll do anything within \reason to... wir werden alles was in unserer Macht steht tun, um...
    5. no pl (sanity) Verstand m
    to lose one's \reason den Verstand verlieren
    II. vi
    1. (form judgments)
    to \reason from sth von etw dat ausgehen
    \reasoning from past experience, she was convinced that... aufgrund ihrer [früheren] Erfahrung war sie davon überzeugt, dass...
    to \reason with sb vernünftig mit jdm reden
    the police \reasoned with the hijackers to at least let the children go die Polizei versuchte, die Kidnapper [dazu] zu überreden, wenigstens die Kinder freizulassen
    to \reason with sb that... versuchen, jdm klarzumachen, dass...
    III. vt
    1. (deduce)
    to \reason that... schlussfolgern, dass...
    to \reason from sth that... aus etw [schluss]folgern [o schließen], dass...
    from the suitcase in the passage, Gerald \reasoned that his aunt had arrived aus dem Koffer im Gang schloss Gerald, dass seine Tante eingetroffen war
    to \reason sb into sth jdn zu etw dat überreden
    I \reasoned him into telling the truth ich überredete ihn, die Wahrheit zu sagen
    to \reason sb out of sth jdm etw ausreden
    we have to \reason him out of giving up his studies wir müssen ihm die Idee ausreden, sein Studium aufzugeben
    * * *
    ['riːzn]
    1. n
    1) (= cause, justification) Grund m (for für)

    my reason for going, the reason for my going — (der Grund,) weshalb ich gehe/gegangen bin

    to give sb reason for complaintjdm Anlass or Grund zu Klagen geben

    the police had no reason to interfere — die Polizei hatte keinen Grund einzugreifen; (but did) die Polizei hat ohne Grund eingegriffen

    I want to know the reason why — ich möchte wissen, weshalb

    and that's the reason why... — und deshalb...

    I have (good) reason/every reason to believe that... — ich habe (guten) Grund/allen Grund anzunehmen, dass...

    there is reason to believe that... — es gibt Gründe zu glauben, dass...

    there is every reason to believe... — es spricht alles dafür...

    with (good) reason — mit gutem Grund, mit Recht

    without any reasonohne jeden Grund or Anlass, grundlos

    for no particular/apparent reason — ohne einen bestimmten/ersichtlichen Grund

    why did you do that? – no particular reason — warum haben Sie das gemacht? – einfach nur so

    for no other reason than that... —

    for some reason (or ( an)other) — aus irgendeinem Grund

    for reasons best known to himself/myself — aus unerfindlichen/bestimmten Gründen

    all the more reason for doing it or to do it — umso mehr Grund, das zu tun

    by reason ofwegen (+gen)

    2) no pl (= mental faculty) Verstand m

    to lose one's reason —

    3) no pl (= common sense) Vernunft f

    we'll do anything within reason to... — wir tun alles, was in unserer Macht steht, um zu...

    you can have anything within reason — Sie können alles haben, solange es sich in Grenzen hält

    2. vi
    1) (= think logically) vernünftig or logisch denken
    2)

    (= argue) to reason (with sb) — vernünftig mit jdm reden

    there's no reasoning with himmit ihm kann man nicht vernünftig reden

    3. vt
    1)

    to reason why/what... — sich (dat) klarmachen, warum/was...

    he reasoned that if we hurried we could get there by 6 o'clock — er argumentierte, dass wir um 6.00 Uhr dort ankommen könnten, wenn wir uns beeilen würden, er rechnete vor, dass wir bis 6.00 Uhr dort sein könnten

    2) (= deduce) schließen, folgern; (verbally) argumentieren; (= work out) problem durchdenken
    * * *
    reason [ˈriːzn]
    A s
    1. (Beweg)Grund m (of, for gen, für), Ursache f ( for gen), Anlass m ( for gen, zu, für):
    have (no) reason to do sth (keinen) Grund oder (keine) Veranlassung haben, etwas zu tun;
    have reasons to celebrate Grund zum Feiern haben;
    I have my reasons for saying this ich sage das nicht von ungefähr;
    the reason why (der Grund,) weshalb;
    for the same reason aus dem gleichen Grund oder Anlass;
    for one reason or another aus irgendeinem Grund;
    for reasons of health aus Gesundheitsgründen;
    for reasons of space aus Platzgründen;
    he did this for reasons best known to himself aus unerfindlichen Gründen; if sth like this happens, it is for a reason dann hat das (s)einen Grund;
    by reason of wegen, infolge (gen);
    with reason aus gutem Grund, mit Recht;
    a) auch for no reason grundlos, ohne Grund
    b) völlig grundlos, ohne den geringsten Grund;
    without good reason ohne triftigen Grund;
    not without reason nicht ohne Grund, nicht umsonst;
    there is (no) reason to suppose that … es besteht (kein) Grund zu der Annahme, dass …;
    there is every reason to believe that … alles spricht dafür, dass …;
    there is good reason for optimism es gibt guten Grund, optimistisch zu sein;
    all the more reason ein Grund mehr (for doing, to do zu tun)
    2. Begründung f, Rechtfertigung f:
    reasons pl of state Staatsräson f
    3. (ohne art) Vernunft f:
    a) Verstand m
    b) Einsicht f:
    within reason innerhalb eines vernünftigen Rahmens;
    there is reason in what you say was du sagst, hat Hand und Fuß;
    be ( oder go) beyond all reason völlig überzogen sein (Forderungen etc);
    bring sb to reason jemanden zur Vernunft oder Räson bringen;
    lose one’s reason den Verstand verlieren;
    listen to reason Vernunft annehmen;
    regain one’s reason wieder zur Vernunft kommen;
    it stands to reason that … es leuchtet ein, dass …; es ist (doch wohl) klar, dass …
    4. (ohne art) PHIL Vernunbft f (Ggs Verstand): age A 4
    5. premise2 1 a
    B v/i
    1. logisch denken, vernünftig urteilen
    2. (with) vernünftig reden (mit), (jemandem) gut zureden, (jemanden) zu überzeugen suchen:
    he is not to be reasoned with er lässt nicht mit sich reden
    C v/t
    1. schließen, folgern ( beide:
    from aus)
    2. oft reason out (logisch) durchdenken:
    reasoned wohldurchdacht
    3. zu dem Schluss kommen ( that dass)
    4. ergründen ( what was; why warum)
    5. (vernünftig) erörtern:
    reason away etwas wegdiskutieren
    6. jemanden durch Argumente überzeugen:
    reason sb into (out of) sth jemandem etwas ein-(aus)reden
    7. begründen
    8. logisch formulieren
    * * *
    1.
    ['riːzn]noun
    1) (cause) Grund, der

    there is [no/every] reason to assume or believe that... — es besteht [kein/ein guter] Grund zu der Annahme, dass...

    have no reason to complain or for complaint — sich nicht beklagen können

    for that [very] reason — aus [eben] diesem Grund

    all the more reason for doing something — ein Grund mehr, etwas zu tun

    for the [simple] reason that... — [einfach,] weil...

    by reason of — wegen; aufgrund

    2) no pl., no art. (power to understand; sense; Philos.) Vernunft, die; (sanity) gesunder Verstand

    you can have anything within reason — du kannst alles haben, solange es im Rahmen bleibt

    not listen to reasonsich (Dat.) nichts sagen lassen

    it stands to reason that... — es ist unzweifelhaft, dass...

    2. intransitive verb
    2)

    reason withdiskutieren mit (about, on über + Akk.)

    3. transitive verb

    ours not to reason why — es ist nicht unsere Sache, nach dem Warum zu fragen

    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    n.
    Anlass -¨e m.
    Grund ¨-e m.
    Ursache -n f.
    Vernunft f.
    Verstand -¨e m. v.
    argumentieren v.
    logisch denken ausdr.
    venünftig reden ausdr.
    vernünftig urteilen ausdr.
    überlegen v.

    English-german dictionary > reason

  • 16 intención

    f.
    intention, meaning, purpose, mind.
    * * *
    1 (propósito) intention
    2 (malicia) maliciousness
    \
    con doble intención with double meaning
    con intención deliberately, intentionally
    con intención de in order to, with the intention of
    con la mejor intención with the best of intentions
    con mala intención deliberately, intentionally
    con segunda intención with double meaning
    tener buenas intenciones to mean well, be well-intentioned
    tener intención de to intend to
    buena intención good will
    mala intención ill will, malice
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=propósito) intention

    perdona, no ha sido mi intención despertarte — sorry, I didn't mean to wake you

    no, gracias, pero se agradece la intención — no, but thanks for thinking of me, no thanks, but it was a kind thought

    con intención — (=a propósito) deliberately, intentionally

    esto está hecho con intención — this was deliberate, this was no accident

    mencionó lo del divorcio con mala o mucha intención — he spitefully mentioned the divorce

    la intención de hacer algo, ha dejado clara su intención de venir — he has made it clear that he intends to come

    no lo dijo con la intención de ofenderla — he didn't say it with the intention of offending her, he didn't say it to offend her

    tenemos la intención de salir tempranowe intend o plan to start out early

    no tengo la menor o más mínima intención de pedir perdón — I haven't got the slightest intention of apologizing, I have no intention of apologizing

    sin intención — without meaning to

    aunque lo haya hecho sin intención — even if he did it without meaning to, even if he didn't mean to do it

    2) pl intenciones (=planes) intentions, plans

    no te fíes, no sabes sus intenciones — don't trust him, you don't know what he has in mind

    ¿cuáles son tus intenciones para el año próximo? — what are your plans for next year?

    tener buenas intenciones — to mean well, have good intentions

    tener malas intenciones — to be up to no good

    3)

    doble o segunda intención — double meaning

    lo dijo con segunda o doble intención — there was a double meaning to what he said

    * * *
    femenino intention

    tiene buenas intenciones — she's well-intentioned, she means well

    lo dijo con segunda or doble intención — she had an ulterior motive for saying it

    me preguntó por ella con mala intención — he asked after her on purpose, he deliberately asked after her

    no tengo la menor or la más mínima intención de devolvérselo — I have no intention whatsoever of giving it back to him

    * * *
    = intent, intention, agenda.
    Ex. The quality of indexing is influenced by the intellectual level and intent of document content in the subject area.
    Ex. The intention is to establish a general framework, and then to give exceptions or further explanation and examples for each area in turn.
    Ex. Robert Kent's sole agenda is to attack Cuba and vilify the Cuban library community while supporting the US government's interventionist destabilization policies.
    ----
    * actuar con la intención de ganarse la admiración de Alguie = play to + Nombre.
    * carta de intenciones = letter of intent.
    * con buenas intenciones = well meant, in good faith, well-intentioned, well-intended, well-meaning.
    * con intenciones ocultas = agenda-laden.
    * con la intención de = designing, with an eye toward(s), intending to, aimed at, purposefully, intended to, in the drive to, in a drive to.
    * con las mejores intenciones = best-intentioned.
    * con segundas intenciones = loaded.
    * declaración de intenciones = policy statement, statement of objectives, mission statement, purpose statement, letter of intent, declaration of intent, vision statement.
    * estar hecho con la intención de = be intended for/to.
    * hacer saber la intención de uno = announce + intention.
    * intenciones = designs.
    * intenciones ocultas = hidden agenda.
    * intención maliciosa = malicious intent.
    * mala intención = sinisterness.
    * ser la intención = be the intention.
    * ser la intención de uno = be + Posesivo + intention.
    * sin intención = involuntarily.
    * tener buenas intenciones = be well-intentioned, mean + well.
    * tener la intención de = be intended to, intend, mean.
    * tener la intención de + Infinitivo = set out to + Infinitivo.
    * tener malas intenciones = be up to no good, get up to + no good.
    * venir con buenas intenciones = come in + peace.
    * * *
    femenino intention

    tiene buenas intenciones — she's well-intentioned, she means well

    lo dijo con segunda or doble intención — she had an ulterior motive for saying it

    me preguntó por ella con mala intención — he asked after her on purpose, he deliberately asked after her

    no tengo la menor or la más mínima intención de devolvérselo — I have no intention whatsoever of giving it back to him

    * * *
    = intent, intention, agenda.

    Ex: The quality of indexing is influenced by the intellectual level and intent of document content in the subject area.

    Ex: The intention is to establish a general framework, and then to give exceptions or further explanation and examples for each area in turn.
    Ex: Robert Kent's sole agenda is to attack Cuba and vilify the Cuban library community while supporting the US government's interventionist destabilization policies.
    * actuar con la intención de ganarse la admiración de Alguie = play to + Nombre.
    * carta de intenciones = letter of intent.
    * con buenas intenciones = well meant, in good faith, well-intentioned, well-intended, well-meaning.
    * con intenciones ocultas = agenda-laden.
    * con la intención de = designing, with an eye toward(s), intending to, aimed at, purposefully, intended to, in the drive to, in a drive to.
    * con las mejores intenciones = best-intentioned.
    * con segundas intenciones = loaded.
    * declaración de intenciones = policy statement, statement of objectives, mission statement, purpose statement, letter of intent, declaration of intent, vision statement.
    * estar hecho con la intención de = be intended for/to.
    * hacer saber la intención de uno = announce + intention.
    * intenciones = designs.
    * intenciones ocultas = hidden agenda.
    * intención maliciosa = malicious intent.
    * mala intención = sinisterness.
    * ser la intención = be the intention.
    * ser la intención de uno = be + Posesivo + intention.
    * sin intención = involuntarily.
    * tener buenas intenciones = be well-intentioned, mean + well.
    * tener la intención de = be intended to, intend, mean.
    * tener la intención de + Infinitivo = set out to + Infinitivo.
    * tener malas intenciones = be up to no good, get up to + no good.
    * venir con buenas intenciones = come in + peace.

    * * *
    intention
    no fue mi intención ofenderte I didn't mean to offend you, it was not my intention to offend you
    ¿qué intenciones trae? what are his intentions?
    tiene buenas intenciones she's well-intentioned, her intentions are good, she means well
    tiene malas intenciones he is up to no good
    lo dijo con segundas intenciones or segunda intenciónor doble intención she had ulterior motives o her own reasons for saying it
    me preguntó por ella con (mala) intención he asked after her on purpose, he deliberately asked after her
    sé que lo hacen con la mejor intención I know they're doing it with the best of intentions, I know they mean well
    lo que cuenta es la intención it's the thought that counts
    intención DE + INF:
    vine con (la) intención de ayudarte I came to help you, I came with the intention of helping you, I came intending to help you
    tiene (la) intención de abrir un bar she plans o intends to open a bar
    no tengo la menor or la más mínima intención de devolvérselo I have no intention whatsoever of giving it back to him, I haven't the slightest intention of giving it back to him
    de buenas intenciones está empedrado el camino del infierno the road to hell is paved with good intentions
    Compuesto:
    la intención de voto de la mayoría de los encuestados the way that most of the people interviewed intended to vote
    * * *

     

    intención sustantivo femenino
    intention;

    tiene buenas/malas intenciones she's well-intentioned/up to no good;
    lo dijo con segunda or doble intención she had an ulterior motive for saying it;
    con la mejor intención with the best of intentions;
    lo que cuenta es la intención it's the thought that counts;
    vine con (la) intención de ayudarte I came to help you;
    tiene (la) intención de abrir un bar she plans o intends to open a bar;
    no tengo la menor intención de venderlo I have no intention whatsoever of selling it
    intención sustantivo femenino
    1 (propósito) intention: adivino sus intenciones, I can guess his intentions
    tenemos la intención de viajar a Marruecos este verano, we intend to travel to Morocco this summer
    vino con la intención de conocerte, she came with the idea of meeting you ➣ Ver nota en intend
    2 (malicia) lo dijo con intención, he said it deliberately/on purpose
    fue sin intención, it wasn't deliberate
    ese comentario tiene segunda intención, that remark has a hidden meaning

    ' intención' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    accidental
    - amagar
    - ánimo
    - bala
    - desplazarse
    - faltar
    - golpear
    - idea
    - intríngulis
    - ladrón
    - ladrona
    - malicia
    - matiz
    - mira
    - parecer
    - pensar
    - plan
    - porfiar
    - querer
    - robar
    - segunda
    - solapada
    - solapado
    - transparentarse
    - transparente
    - turbia
    - turbiedad
    - turbieza
    - turbio
    - uva
    - veneno
    - voluntad
    - declarar
    - disfrazar
    - fe
    - ir
    - maligno
    - para
    - propósito
    English:
    accidental
    - aim to
    - announce
    - approach
    - approachable
    - audition
    - back down
    - bypass
    - calculate
    - declare
    - declared
    - deploy
    - design
    - divorce
    - hand
    - holiday
    - idea
    - initiate
    - intend
    - intent
    - intention
    - malevolently
    - malice
    - mean
    - meaning
    - mind
    - plan
    - plan on
    - propose
    - purpose
    - thought
    - will
    - disrespect
    - good
    - set
    - sorry
    - ulterior
    - well
    * * *
    intention;
    su intención es volver a presentarse al concurso she intends to enter the competition again;
    ya veo cuáles son tus intenciones I see what you're up to now;
    el prólogo del acuerdo es una declaración de intenciones the preface to the agreement is a declaration of intent;
    se agradece la intención it was a nice thought;
    tener la intención de hacer algo to intend to do sth;
    no tengo intención alguna de ir I have no intention of going;
    con intención [intencionadamente] intentionally;
    lo hizo con intención de ayudar he was trying to help;
    los fans llegaron con intención de causar problemas the fans came with the intention of causing trouble;
    buena/mala intención good/bad intentions;
    tener buenas/malas intenciones to have good/bad intentions;
    lo hizo sin mala intención he didn't mean any harm;
    lo dije sin intención de ofender a nadie it wasn't my intention to offend anyone, I didn't mean any offence;
    lo dijo con segundas intenciones he had an ulterior motive for saying it;
    la intención es lo que cuenta it's the thought that counts;
    de buenas intenciones está empedrado el camino del infierno the road to hell is paved with good intentions
    intención de voto voting intentions;
    la encuesta le da el 20 por ciento de la intención de voto 20 percent of those interviewed in the poll said they would vote for her
    * * *
    f intention;
    con buena/mala intención with good/bad intentions, in good/bad faith;
    segunda intención ulterior motive;
    con/sin intención intentionally/unintentionally;
    * * *
    intención nf, pl - ciones : intention, plan
    * * *
    intención n intention
    con intención de with the intention of / in order to
    hacer algo con buena intención to mean well [pt. & pp. meant]

    Spanish-English dictionary > intención

  • 17 Artificial Intelligence

       In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)
       Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)
       Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inflated predictions....
       When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)
       4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, Eventually
       Just as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)
       Many problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)
       What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)
       [AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)
       The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)
       9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract Form
       The basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)
       There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:
        Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins fly? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can fly, so robins probably can fly."
        Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)
       Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)
       Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)
       The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)
        14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory Formation
       It is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)
       We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.
       Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.
       Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.
    ... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)
       Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)
        16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular Contexts
       Even if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)
       Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)
        18) The Assumption That the Mind Is a Formal System
       Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)
        19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial Intelligence
       The primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.
       The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)
       The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....
       AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)
        21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary Propositions
       In artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)
       Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)
       Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)
       The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Artificial Intelligence

  • 18 orden

    f.
    1 order (mandato).
    ¡a la orden!, ¡a sus órdenes! (military) (yes) sir!
    dar órdenes to give orders
    estar a la orden del día to be the order of the day
    hasta nueva orden until further notice
    por orden de by order of
    orden de busca y captura warrant for search and arrest
    2 order.
    orden de caballería order of knighthood
    orden militar military order
    ¿ya les tomaron la orden? have you ordered yet?
    4 kind, class, order.
    Un nuevo orden de dificultad A new kind of difficulty.
    5 religious order, order.
    6 writ.
    7 command line.
    m.
    1 order.
    en o por orden alfabético/cronológico in alphabetical/chronological order
    llamar al orden a alguien to call somebody to order
    poner en orden algo to tidy something up
    por orden in order
    sin orden ni concierto in a haphazard way
    las fuerzas del orden the forces of law and order
    el orden establecido the established order
    orden público law and order
    2 type, order (tipo).
    del orden de around, approximately, of o in the order of
    en otro orden de cosas on the other hand
    * * *
    2 BIOLOGÍA order
    3 ARQUITECTURA order
    4 field, sphere
    1 (mandato) order
    ¡es una orden! that's an order!
    ¡a la orden mi comandante! right away sir!
    2 RELIGIÓN order
    \
    del orden de of the order of, US on the order of
    de primer orden first-rate
    estar algo a la orden del día to be the done thing
    por orden de aparición in order of appearance
    por orden de by order of
    el orden del día the agenda
    la orden del día MILITAR the order of the day
    las fuerzas del orden the security forces
    orden de búsqueda y captura→ link=ordenorden de detención
    orden de caballería order of knighthood
    orden de detención arrest warrant
    orden de pago order of payment
    orden de registro search warrant
    orden judicial court order
    orden público public order, the peace, law and order
    * * *
    1. noun m. 2. noun f.
    order, command
    * * *
    1. SM
    1) [en colocación, sucesión]
    a) [con objetos, personas] order

    poner orden en algo — to sort sth out

    b)

    en orden — in order

    todo en orden, mi capitán — everything is in order, captain

    poner en orden — [+ papeles, documentos] to sort out

    2) (tb: orden social) order

    llamar al orden — to call to order

    mantener el orden — to keep order

    restablecer el orden — to restore o reestablish order

    orden público — public order, law and order

    3) (=tipo) nature

    en otro orden de cosas... — at the same time..., meanwhile...

    de primer orden — [figura] leading; [factor] of prime importance, prime

    en todos los órdenes — on all fronts

    4)

    del orden de — in the order of, in the region of

    necesitamos del orden de 1.500 euros para comprarlo — we need approximately 1,500 euros to buy it

    5)

    en orden a — (=con miras a) with a view to; (=en cuanto a) with regard to

    en orden a hacer algo — in order to do sth

    6) (Arquit) order
    7) (Bio) order
    8) (Rel) (tb: orden sacerdotal) ordination
    2. SF
    1) (=mandato) order

    ¡es una orden! — (and) that's an order!

    dar una orden a algn — to give sb an order, order sb

    hasta nueva orden — until further notice

    por orden de — by order of

    estar a la orden del día —

    orden de allanamiento LAm search warrant

    orden de arresto, orden de búsqueda y captura — arrest warrant

    orden de comparación Méx summons, subpoena (EEUU)

    orden del día — (Mil) order of the day

    orden ministerial — ministerial order, ministerial decree

    2)

    a la orden —

    a) (Mil) yes, sir!
    b) LAm [en tienda] what can I get you?; (=no hay de qué) you're welcome, don't mention it!

    estoy a la orden para lo que necesites — if there is anything you need, just ask

    c)

    a las órdenes de algn — (Mil) at sb's command; [en la policía] under sb's instructions o orders; [en otros trabajos] under sb

    ¡a sus órdenes! — (Mil) yes sir; esp LAm at your service

    3) (Mil, Hist, Rel) (=institución) order
    4) pl órdenes (Rel) orders
    5) (Com, Econ) order; Méx (=pedido) order

    cheques a la orden de Suárez — cheques (to be made) payable to Suárez

    6) Méx (=ración) dish
    * * *
    I
    1) ( mandato) order

    por orden del Sr Alcaldeby order of His Honour (AmE) o (BrE) Worship the Mayor

    estamos a la orden para lo que necesite — (AmL) just let us know if there's anything we can do for you

    a sus órdenes! — yes, sir!

    a la orden! — (Mil) yes, sir!; ( fórmula de cortesía) (Andes, Méx, Ven) you're welcome, not at all

    2) (Fin) order
    3) (Hist, Mil, Relig) order
    4) (AmL) (Com) ( pedido) order
    II
    1)
    a) (indicando colocación, jerarquía) order

    en or por orden alfabético — in alphabetical order

    b) (armonía, concierto) order

    llamar a alguien al ordento call somebody to order

    sin orden ni conciertowithout rhyme or reason

    c) ( disciplina) order
    d) (de curas/monjas order; ( fraternidad) order
    2)
    a) (frml) (carácter, índole) nature
    b) ( cantidad)

    del orden de — (frml) on the order of (AmE), in o of the order of (BrE)

    c) (period) ( ámbito)

    en otro orden de cosas ¿qué opina de...? — moving on to something else, what do you think about...?

    3)
    a) (Arquit) order
    b) (Biol, Zool) order
    * * *
    I
    1) ( mandato) order

    por orden del Sr Alcaldeby order of His Honour (AmE) o (BrE) Worship the Mayor

    estamos a la orden para lo que necesite — (AmL) just let us know if there's anything we can do for you

    a sus órdenes! — yes, sir!

    a la orden! — (Mil) yes, sir!; ( fórmula de cortesía) (Andes, Méx, Ven) you're welcome, not at all

    2) (Fin) order
    3) (Hist, Mil, Relig) order
    4) (AmL) (Com) ( pedido) order
    II
    1)
    a) (indicando colocación, jerarquía) order

    en or por orden alfabético — in alphabetical order

    b) (armonía, concierto) order

    llamar a alguien al ordento call somebody to order

    sin orden ni conciertowithout rhyme or reason

    c) ( disciplina) order
    d) (de curas/monjas order; ( fraternidad) order
    2)
    a) (frml) (carácter, índole) nature
    b) ( cantidad)

    del orden de — (frml) on the order of (AmE), in o of the order of (BrE)

    c) (period) ( ámbito)

    en otro orden de cosas ¿qué opina de...? — moving on to something else, what do you think about...?

    3)
    a) (Arquit) order
    b) (Biol, Zool) order
    * * *
    orden1
    1 = command, commandment, directive, instruction, injunction, command function, edict.

    Ex: The first half of the command looks for words hit by 'FIB?' immediately followed by a word hit by 'OPTIC?'.

    Ex: The commandment KOLN see COLOGNE should be sufficient cause for the rejection of the illicit proposal to establish OPERA -- KOLN.
    Ex: This directive is not an instruction and does not prevent adherence to the citation order.
    Ex: A command language is the language with which the search proceeds; the commands are instructions that the searcher can issue to the computer.
    Ex: Familiar injunctions such as 'Enter under...' seem to have been lost.
    Ex: The command function 'BASE' is used to identify the data base to be searched.
    Ex: A French edict of 1571 set the maximum price of Latin textbooks in large type at 3 deniers a sheet.
    * acatar + Posesivo + órdenes = march to + Posesivo + orders.
    * búsqueda por medio de órdenes = command search.
    * cadena de órdenes = command chain.
    * dar una orden = issue + command, issue + instruction.
    * de consulta mediante órdenes = command-based.
    * dictar órdenes = hand down + decisions.
    * ejecutar una orden = execute + command, execute + instruction.
    * encadenamiento de órdenes = command chaining.
    * estar a la orden del día = be the order of the day.
    * interfaz de consulta mediante órdenes = command-based interface.
    * intérprete de órdenes = command interpreter.
    * lenguaje de órdenes = command language.
    * llevar a cabo una orden = execute + command.
    * modalidad por órdenes = command mode.
    * orden bancaria = standing order, direct debit, direct billing.
    * orden de ampliar la búsqueda a los términos relacionados = explode command.
    * orden de arresto = warrant for + Posesivo + arrest, arrest warrant.
    * orden de comparecencia = subpoena, summons, judicial summons.
    * orden de compra = purchase order.
    * orden de desalojo = eviction order.
    * orden de deshaucio = eviction order.
    * orden de detención = arrest warrant, warrant for + Posesivo + arrest.
    * orden de funcionamiento del disco = disc operating command.
    * orden de mostrar los términos relacionados = expand command.
    * orden de pedido = order.
    * órdenes = command line operation.
    * orden judicial = warrant, court order, writ.
    * orden judicial de alejamiento = protection order.
    * orden judicial de distanciamiento = restraining order.
    * orden permanente de pago = standing account.
    * orden por comportamiento antisocial = ASBO (Antisocial Behaviour Order).
    * por orden de = mandated.
    * por orden del congreso = congressionally mandated.
    * que funciona a base de órdenes = command-driven.

    orden2
    2 = array, order, sequence, ranking, tidiness.

    Ex: A microopaque is a sheet of opaque material bearing a number of microimages in a two-dimensional array.

    Ex: A catalogue is a list of the materials or items in a library, with the entries representing the items arranged in some systematic order.
    Ex: A classified catalogue is a catalogue with three or four separate sequences: an author/title catalogue or index (or separate author and title catalogues), a classified subject catalogue, and a subject index to the classified catalogue.
    Ex: Those documents with sufficiently high rankings will be deemed relevant and eventually retrieved.
    Ex: The physical qualities that make a difference as to whether people visit woodlands or not include directional signs, good information boards and tidiness of appearance.
    * agente del orden = law enforcement officer, law-enforcement official, law enforcer.
    * alteración del orden = breach of the peace.
    * alteración del orden público = disorderly conduct, public order offence, breach of the peace.
    * alterar el orden público = breach + the peace, disturb + the peace.
    * clasificar en orden de importancia = rank + in order of importance.
    * del orden de = by the order of + Expresión Numérica.
    * de orden inferior = lower-order.
    * de orden superior = higher-order.
    * de primer orden = world-class, blue chip [blue-chip], first-order [1st-order].
    * de segundo orden = minor, second-order [2nd-order].
    * de tercer orden = tertiary.
    * en circuitos de segundo orden = in the provinces.
    * en cualquier orden = either way round.
    * en el mismo orden que = in sync with.
    * en el orden del día = on the agenda.
    * en orden de importancia = in rank order, in order.
    * en orden jerárquico = in ranked order.
    * en otro orden de cosas = on another topic, as for, as regards, meanwhile, on another matter, on another note, on other matters.
    * falto de orden = unordered.
    * fuerzas del orden = police force.
    * fuerzas del orden público = police force.
    * imponer orden = impose + order, bring + order.
    * imponer orden en donde hay caos = bring + order out of chaos.
    * mantener Algo en orden = keep + Nombre + in order.
    * mantener el orden = keep + order, police.
    * mantener el orden público = maintain + public order.
    * Norma Británica 1749: Recomendaciones para la ordenación alfabética y el ord = BS (British Standard) 1749: Recommendations for alphabetical arrangement and the filing order of numerals and symbols.
    * número de orden = rank number.
    * orden alfabético = alphabetical order, alphabetic order.
    * orden alfanumérico = alphanumeric order.
    * ordenar por orden de importancia = rank + in order.
    * orden ascendente = ascending order, ascending sequence.
    * orden cronológico = chronological order.
    * orden de cita = citation order, combination order.
    * orden de coautoría = co-authorship order.
    * orden de combinación de encabezamientos = citation order.
    * orden decreciente de importancia = decreasing order of importance.
    * orden de firma = co-authorship order.
    * orden de importancia = pecking order, significance order.
    * orden de importancia de los conceptos = significance order of terms.
    * orden del día = agenda.
    * orden de precedencia = order of precedence.
    * orden de preferencia = order of preference.
    * orden de prioridad = order of preference, priority order, pecking order, order of precedence.
    * orden de registro = search warrant.
    * orden descendente = descending order, descending sequence.
    * orden de sucesión = order of succession.
    * orden directo = direct order.
    * orden geográfico = geographical order.
    * orden integrado = integrated sequence.
    * orden inverso = reverse order.
    * orden inverso de palabras = indirect word order.
    * orden mundial = world order.
    * orden numérico = numerical order, numeric order.
    * orden preferido = preferred order.
    * orden público = public order.
    * orden secuencial = sequential order.
    * orden semiintegrado = semi-integrated sequence.
    * orden separado = separate sequence.
    * orden sistemático = classified order, systematic order.
    * orden social = social order.
    * orden topográfico = shelf order.
    * organizar según un orden específico = organise in + Adjetivo + order.
    * pensamiento de orden superior = higher-order thinking.
    * poner en orden = tidy up, put in + order, clear up.
    * poner orden = bring + order, tidying (up), create + order, clear out, clear up.
    * poner orden en el caos = create + order out of chaos.
    * por orden numérico = in numerical order.
    * punto del orden del día = agenda item.
    * ser del orden de + Número = be of the order of + Número.
    * sin orden = unordered.
    * sin orden ni concierto = higgledy-piggledy, without rhyme or reason.
    * turbar el orden público = disturb + the peace, breach + the peace.

    orden3
    3 = order.

    Ex: The taxonomic subclass of acari (mites and ticks) comprises tens of thousands of species, grouped in many families and several orders.

    * ingresar en una orden religiosa = join + religious order.
    * orden de caballería = knighthood.
    * orden de los Agustinos = Augustinian order.
    * orden de los franciscanos, la = Franciscan order, the.
    * orden de los Jesuitas = Jesuit order.
    * orden monástica = monastic order.
    * orden religiosa = religious order.

    * * *
    A
    1 (mandato) order; ( Mil) order
    recibieron órdenes de desalojar el local they received orders to clear the premises
    acatar una orden to obey an order
    está siempre dando órdenes he's always giving orders
    deja de darme órdenes stop ordering me about
    por orden del Sr Alcalde se hace saber que … by order of His Worship the Mayor it is announced that …
    hasta nueva orden until further notice
    quedo a sus órdenes para … ( Corresp) ( frml); I am at your service for … ( frml)
    el coche/la casa está a sus órdenes the car/house is at your disposal
    por aquí estamos a la orden para cualquier cosa que necesite ( AmL); just let us know if there's anything we can do for you o we can do to help
    ¡a sus órdenes! yes, sir!
    2
    ¡a la orden! ( Mil) yes, sir!; (fórmula de cortesía) (Andes, Méx, Ven) you're welcome, not at all, it's a pleasure
    Compuestos:
    restraining order,protective order ( AmE)
    arrest warrant
    orden de busca y captura or de búsqueda y captura
    arrest warrant
    (Chi, Méx) search warrant
    notice to quit
    arrest warrant
    ( Mil) order of the day
    estar a la orden del día to be the order of the day
    los atracos están a la orden del día muggings are the order of the day (at the moment)
    estos ordenadores están a la orden del día these computers are all the rage ( colloq)
    ver tb orden2 (↑ orden (2))
    travel warrant
    court order
    ministerial order o decree
    B ( Fin) order
    orden bancaria banker's order
    orden de pago order to pay
    páguese a la orden de … pay to the order of …
    Compuesto:
    standing order
    1 ( Hist, Mil) order
    orden militar military order
    orden de caballería order of knighthood
    la Orden de Calatrava/Santiago the Order of Calatrava/Santiago
    2 ( Relig) order
    una orden religiosa a religious order
    E ( Relig) (grado) order
    Compuestos:
    órdenes menores/mayores
    fpl minor/major orders (pl)
    fpl holy orders (pl)
    F ( AmL) ( Com) (pedido) order
    A
    1 (indicando colocación, jerarquía) order
    las fichas están en or por orden alfabético the cards are in alphabetical order
    el orden de las palabras the order of the words
    pónganse por orden de estatura line up according to height
    reparto por orden de aparición cast in order of appearance
    por orden cronológico in chronological order
    por orden de antigüedad in order of seniority
    vayamos por orden let's begin at the beginning
    2 (armonía, concierto) order
    pon un poco de orden en la habitación straighten your room up a little ( AmE), tidy your room up a bit ( BrE)
    puso orden en las cuentas she sorted the accounts out, she got the accounts straight
    puso las páginas en orden she sorted out the pages, she put the pages in order
    tengo que poner mis ideas en orden I have to sort my ideas out
    no tenía los papeles en orden his documents weren't in order
    ¿falta algo? — no, está todo en orden is anything missing? — no, everything is in order
    el nuevo orden mundial the new world order
    llamar a algn al orden to call sb to order
    sin orden ni concierto without rhyme or reason
    3 (disciplina) order
    para mantener el orden en la clase to keep order in the classroom
    ¡orden en la sala! order in court!
    la policía restableció el orden the police reestablished order
    Compuestos:
    battle formation
    agenda
    el primer tema del orden del día the first item on the agenda
    natural order
    el orden natural de las cosas the natural order of things
    public order
    mantener el orden público to keep the peace
    lo detuvieron por alterar el orden público he was arrested for causing a breach of the peace
    orden sacerdotal or sagrado
    ordination
    B
    1 ( frml) (carácter, índole) nature
    problemas de orden económico problems of an economic nature
    2
    (cantidad): del orden de ( frml); on the order of ( AmE), in o of the order of ( BrE)
    ingresos del orden de los 150.000 dólares receipts on o in o of the order of 150,000 dollars
    3 ( period)
    (ámbito): en el orden internacional on the international front
    en este orden de cosas in this respect
    4
    en orden a ( frml); with a view to
    C
    1 ( Arquit) order
    orden dórico/jónico/corintio Doric/Ionic/Corinthian order
    2 ( Biol, Zool) order
    * * *

     

    orden 1 sustantivo femenino
    1 ( mandato) order;

    hasta nueva orden until further notice;
    estamos a la orden para lo que necesite (AmL) just let us know if there's anything we can do for you;
    ¡a la orden! (Mil) yes, sir!;

    ( fórmula de cortesía) (Andes, Méx, Ven) you're welcome, not at all;
    orden de arresto or de busca y captura arrest warrant;
    orden de registro or (Chi, Méx) de cateo search warrant;

    2 (Fin) order;

    3 (Hist, Mil, Relig) order
    4 (AmL) ( pedido) order
    orden 2 sustantivo masculino
    1 ( en general) order;
    en or por orden alfabético in alphabetical order;

    vayamos por orden let's begin at the beginning;
    poner algo en orden ‹habitación/armario/juguetes to straight sth (up) (esp AmE), to tidy sth up (esp BrE);

    asuntos/papeles to sort sth up;
    fichas to put sth in order;

    orden del día agenda;
    orden público public order;
    alterar el orden público to cause a breach of the peace
    2
    a) (frml) (carácter, índole) nature;


    b) ( cantidad):

    del orden de (frml) on the order of (AmE), in o of the order of (BrE)

    orden
    I sustantivo masculino
    1 (colocación, disciplina) order: hace falta un poco de orden, we need a bit of order here
    orden del día, agenda
    2 Arquit & Biol order
    3 (tipo) nature: es un problema de orden moral, it's a moral issue
    II sustantivo femenino
    1 (mandato) order: no obedecimos sus órdenes, we failed to obey his orders
    Jur warrant, order
    orden de arresto, arrest warrant
    2 Rel Mil order
    la orden de los benedictinos, the Benedictine order
    ♦ Locuciones: Mil ¡a la orden/a sus órdenes!, yes, sir!
    estar a la orden del día, to be common
    llamar al orden, to call sb to order
    poner en orden, to put in order: tengo que poner en orden mis ideas, I have to organize my ideas
    del orden de, approximately: en el cine había del orden de mil personas, there were about one thousand people at the movies
    sin orden ni concierto, without rhyme or reason
    ' orden' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    alteración
    - atenerse
    - auto
    - bastante
    - consigna
    - desorden
    - desordenar
    - desordenada
    - desordenado
    - después
    - disposición
    - ejecutar
    - excarcelar
    - incumplir
    - incumplimiento
    - inversa
    - inverso
    - invertir
    - librar
    - mandamiento
    - mandato
    - marear
    - mendicante
    - perturbar
    - primera
    - primero
    - recoger
    - replicar
    - respetar
    - restablecer
    - restablecimiento
    - revolucionar
    - transmitir
    - trastocar
    - acatar
    - allanamiento
    - alterar
    - alzar
    - anterior
    - antes
    - anular
    - ausencia
    - cumplir
    - disturbio
    - ejecución
    - fuerza
    - invertido
    - lanzamiento
    - llamada
    - luego
    English:
    after
    - agenda
    - alphabetically
    - antisocial
    - arrange
    - before
    - bottom
    - breach
    - collect
    - command
    - comply
    - court order
    - disorder
    - disturb
    - enforce
    - execute
    - execution
    - first
    - gather
    - in
    - item
    - keep
    - next
    - numerical
    - obey
    - order
    - order of the day
    - place
    - prioritize
    - reverse
    - right
    - sequence
    - shall
    - shipshape
    - should
    - sort out
    - standing order
    - straight
    - system
    - third
    - thousandth
    - tidiness
    - to
    - warrant
    - writ
    - alphabetical
    - bark
    - descend
    - disorderly
    - drunk
    * * *
    orden1 nm
    1. [secuencia, colocación correcta] order;
    un orden jerárquico a hierarchy;
    le gusta el orden y la limpieza she likes order and cleanliness;
    Mat
    el orden de los factores no altera el producto the order of the factors does not affect the product;
    en orden [bien colocado] tidy, in its place;
    [como debe ser] in order;
    poner en orden algo, poner orden en algo [cosas, habitación] to tidy sth up;
    tengo que poner mis ideas/mi vida en orden I have to put my ideas/life in order, I have to sort out my ideas/life;
    en o [m5]por orden alfabético/cronológico in alphabetical/chronological order;
    por orden in order;
    por orden de antigüedad/de tamaños in order of seniority/size;
    Cine & Teatro
    por orden de aparición in order of appearance;
    orden del día agenda
    2. [normalidad, disciplina] order;
    acatar el orden establecido to respect the established order;
    llamar al orden a alguien to call sb to order;
    el orden natural de las cosas the natural order of things;
    mantener/restablecer el orden to keep/restore order;
    ¡orden en la sala! order! order!
    el orden público law and order
    3. [tipo] order, type;
    dilemas de orden filosófico philosophical dilemmas;
    problemas de orden financiero economic problems;
    es una universidad de primer(ísimo) orden it's a first-rate university;
    del orden de around, approximately, of o in the order of;
    en otro orden de cosas on the other hand
    orden de magnitud order of magnitude
    4. Biol order
    5. Arquit order
    orden corintio Corinthian order;
    orden dórico Doric order;
    orden jónico Ionic order
    6. Rel el orden sacerdotal [sacramento] holy orders
    orden2 nf
    1. [mandato] order;
    ¡es una orden! that's an order!;
    Mil
    ¡a la orden!, ¡a sus órdenes! (yes) sir!;
    Am
    estoy a las/sus órdenes I am at your service;
    Am
    si no me queda bien, ¿la puedo cambiar? – cómo no, a sus o [m5] las órdenes if it's not right, can I change it? – of course you can, we're at your disposal;
    Am
    mi auto/casa está a la orden my car/house is at your disposal;
    cumplir órdenes to obey orders;
    dar órdenes (a alguien) to give (sb) orders;
    a mí nadie me da órdenes I don't take orders from anyone;
    hasta nueva orden until further notice;
    por orden de by order of;
    el local fue cerrado por orden del ayuntamiento the premises were closed by order of o on the orders of the town council;
    obedecer órdenes to obey orders;
    recibimos órdenes del jefe we received orders from the boss;
    sólo recibo órdenes de mis superiores I only take orders from my superiors;
    tener órdenes de hacer algo to have orders to do sth
    Der orden de arresto arrest warrant; Der orden de busca y captura warrant for search and arrest; Der orden de comparecencia summons;
    orden de desahucio eviction order;
    orden de desalojo eviction order;
    Der orden de detención arrest warrant; Der orden de detención europea European arrest warrant;
    la orden del día Mil the order of the day;
    Am [de reunión] the agenda;
    estar a la orden del día [muy habitual] to be the order of the day;
    orden de embargo order for seizure;
    Der orden judicial court order; CSur Der orden de lanzamiento eviction order; Der orden de registro search warrant
    2. Com order
    orden de compra purchase order; Bolsa buy order; Bolsa orden al mercado market order;
    orden de pago payment order;
    Bolsa orden de venta sell order
    3. [institución] order
    orden de caballería order of knighthood;
    orden mendicante mendicant order;
    orden militar military order;
    orden monástica monastic order
    4. Rel órdenes sagradas holy orders
    5. Am [pedido] order;
    ¿ya les tomaron la orden? have you ordered yet?;
    ¿tiene la orden del médico? have you got the form from your doctor?
    * * *
    1 m
    1 order;
    por orden alfabético in alphabetical order;
    por orden de altura in order of height;
    poner en orden tidy up, straighten up;
    sin orden ni concierto without rhyme or reason
    2 ( clase)
    :
    de todo orden of all kinds o types;
    de primer orden top-ranking, leading
    3
    :
    llamar al orden call to order
    4 ARQUI order
    2 f ( mandamiento) order;
    por orden de by order of, on the orders of;
    hasta nueva orden until further notice;
    ¡a la orden! yes, sir
    * * *
    orden nm, pl órdenes
    1) : order
    todo está en orden: everything's in order
    por orden cronológico: in chronological order
    2)
    orden del día : agenda (at a meeting)
    3)
    orden público : law and order
    orden nf, pl órdenes
    1) : order
    una orden religiosa: a religious order
    una orden de tacos: an order of tacos
    2)
    orden de compra : purchase order
    3)
    estar a la orden del día : to be the order of the day, to be prevalent
    * * *
    1. (en general) order
    2. (clase, tipo) nature
    ¡a la orden! yes, sir!
    orden público law and order / the peace

    Spanish-English dictionary > orden

  • 19 question

    question [kεstjɔ̃]
    feminine noun
       a. ( = demande) question
    évidemment ! cette question ! or quelle question ! obviously! what a question!
       b. ( = problème) question
    questions économiques/sociales economic/social questions
    pour des questions de sécurité/d'hygiène for reasons of security/of hygiene
    la question est de savoir si... the question is whether...
    c'est une question de temps/d'habitude it's a question of time/of habit
    « autres questions » (ordre du jour) "any other business"
       c. ( = en ce qui concerne) (inf) question argent as far as money goes
    question bêtise, il se pose là ! he's a prize idiot!
    question cuisine, elle est nulle when it comes to cooking, she's useless (inf)
       d. (avec poser, se poser) poser une question à qn to ask sb a question
    la question qui se pose est... the question is...
       e. de quoi est-il question ? what is it about?
    il est question de lui comme ministre or qu'il soit ministre there's some question of his being a minister
    il n'est pas question que nous renoncions/de renoncer there's no question of our giving up/of giving up
    il n'en est pas question ! that's out of the question!
    moi y aller ? pas question ! (inf) me go? no way! (inf)
       f. ► en question ( = dont on parle) in question
    mettre or remettre en question [+ autorité, théorie, compétence, honnêteté, pratique] to question
    * * *
    kɛstjɔ̃
    1) ( interrogation) question ( sur about)

    je ne sais pas, pose-leur la question — I don't know, ask them

    2) ( sujet) matter, question; ( ensemble de problèmes) issue, question

    la question n'est pas de savoir qui/comment/si — the question is not who/how/whether

    en question — ( dont il s'agit) in question; ( qui pose problème) at issue

    (re)mettre en question — ( réexaminer) to reappraise; ( repenser) to reassess

    il n'est pas question que tu partes — ( à un invité) you can't possibly leave

    3) (colloq) ( pour ce qui est de)

    question argent/santé, ça va — where money/health is concerned, things are OK

    la maison est jolie, mais question quartier... — the house is pretty, but as for the area...

    4) Histoire ( torture) question
    Phrasal Verbs:
    ••
    * * *
    kɛstjɔ̃ nf
    1) (interrogation) question

    Je t'ai posé une question. — I asked you a question.

    Je me pose la question de savoir si... — I wonder whether...

    Je ne me suis jamais posé la question. — I've never thought about it.

    2) (= considération) matter

    une question de... — a matter of..., a question of...

    C'est une question de temps. — It's a matter of time.

    Ils se sont disputés pour des questions d'argent. — They argued over money matters.

    3) (= problème) issue
    4) (= sujet)

    il est question de (on y traite de) — it's about, (on envisage de) there is talk of

    Il y est question de l'organisation du concert. — It's about the organization of the concert.

    Il a été question de fermer le musée. — There was talk of closing the gallery.

    Il est question de les emprisonner. — There's talk of them being jailed.

    Il n'est pas question que je paye. — There's no question of me paying.

    Il est hors de question que nous restions ici. — It's out of the question that we stay here.

    mettre en question [science] — to question, [autorité] to challenge

    remettre en question [science] — to question, [autorité] to challenge

    * * *
    1 ( interrogation) question (sur about); répondre à/poser une question to answer/ask a question; répondre à la question de qn to answer sb's question; poser une question à qn to ask sb a question; c'est une très bonne question et je vous remercie de l'avoir posée it's a very good question and I am very glad you asked; les questions posées à l'examen the questions asked in the exam; cette or quelle question! what a question!; je ne me suis jamais posé la question I've never really thought about it; je me posais justement la question I was just wondering about that; je ne sais pas, pose-leur la question I don't know, ask them; je me pose des questions sur I'm wondering about; sans se poser de questions unthinkingly;
    2 ( sujet) matter, question; ( ensemble de problèmes) issue, question; c'est une question de temps/goût/bon sens it's a matter ou question of time/taste /common sense; question d'habitude! it's a matter of habit; c'est une question de vie ou de mort it's a matter of life and death; il en fait une question de principe he's making an issue of it; la question (du) nucléaire/de la drogue the nuclear/drug issue ou question; la question n'est pas de savoir qui/comment/si the question is not who/how/whether; en question ( dont il s'agit) in question; ( qui pose problème) at issue; (re)mettre en question ( réexaminer) to reappraise; ( repenser) to reassess; remise en question ( réexamen) reappraisal; ( critique) reassessment; se remettre en question to take a new look at oneself; là n'est pas la question, la question n'est pas là that's not the point; les questions à l'ordre du jour the items on the agenda; il est bien question de ça! iron of course! iron; il est question d'elle dans l'article she's mentioned in the article; il est question qu'il prenne sa retraite there's some talk of him retiring; un film où il est question de l'environnement a film about the environment; ce dont il est question dans mon article what my article is about; de quoi sera-t-il question dans votre livre? what will your book be about?; il n'est pas question que tu partes ( à un invité) you can't possibly leave; il est hors de question d'accepter/que vous acceptiez to accept/for you to accept is out of the question; c'est tout à fait hors de question! that's absolutely out of the question!; pas question! no way!;
    3 ( pour ce qui est de) question argent/santé, ça va where money/health is concerned, things are OK; la maison est jolie, mais question quartier… the house is pretty, but as for the area…;
    4 Hist ( torture) question; soumettre qn à la question to put sb to the question.
    question de confiance Pol vote of confidence; poser la question de confiance to call for a vote of confidence; question écrite Pol written question (by French deputy to minister); question fermée yes/no question; question orale Pol oral question (written by French deputy to minister, who answers orally); question orale avec/sans débat oral question with/without subsequent debate (with other deputies); question orientée leading question; question ouverte open-ended question; question piège trick question; question préalable Pol preliminary question; question subsidiaire tiebreaker; questions d'actualité Pol = questions au gouvernement; questions au gouvernement Pol questions to ministers in parliament.
    faire les questions et les réponses to do all the talking.
    [kɛstjɔ̃] nom féminin
    1. [interrogation] question
    je ferme la porte à clé? — bien sûr, quelle ou cette question! shall I lock the door? — of course, what a question!
    peut-on lui faire confiance, toute la question est là ou voilà la question! can she be trusted, that's the question!
    c'est moi qui pose les questions! I'm (the one) asking the questions!, I do the asking!
    question écrite/orale POLITIQUE written/oral question
    b. [dans un interrogatoire] loaded ou leading question
    2. [sujet] question, topic
    dans notre prochaine émission, il sera question de l'architecture romane in our next programme, we will examine Roman architecture
    prête-moi 1 000 eurospas question! (familier) lend me 1,000 euros — no way ou nothing doing!
    il n'en est pas question!, c'est hors de question! it's out of the question!
    avec mon salaire, une voiture c'est hors de question with my salary, a car is out of the question
    il n'est pas question ou il est hors de question que je le voie! there's no way I'll see him!, there's no question of my seeing him!
    question salaire, je ne me plains pas (familier) as far as the salary is concerned ou salarywise, I'm not complaining
    3. [affaire, difficulté] question, matter, point (at issue)
    je ne lis pas les critiques, question de principe! I don't read reviews on principle!
    mettre ou soumettre quelqu'un à la question to put somebody to the question
    ————————
    en question locution adjectivale
    ————————
    en question locution adverbiale
    a. [mettre en doute] to (call into) question, to challenge
    b. [compromettre] to call into question

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > question

  • 20 perché

    because
    ( affinché) so that
    perché? why?
    * * *
    perché avv.interr. ( per quale motivo) why; ( a quale scopo) what for: ''Devo andare via subito'' ''Perché?'', ''I must go at once'' ''Why?'' (o ''What for?''); perché l'hai fatto?, why did you do it? (o what did you do it for?); perché non ci vai domani?, why don't you go tomorrow?; perché non mi hai detto che partivi?, why didn't you tell me you were leaving?; perché aspettare tanto?, why wait so long?; perché non dirmelo prima?, why wasn't I told before?; ''Non posso venire'' ''Perché?'', ''I can't come'' ''Why not?''; non so perché non abbia risposto alla mia lettera, I don't know why he didn't answer my letter // perché no?, why not? // chissà perché, I wonder why // ecco perché, that's why // perché mai?, why on earth?, whyever: mi domando perché mai abbia agito in quel modo, I wonder why on earth he behaved like that (o whyever did he behave like that, I wonder)
    cong.
    1 ( con valore esplicativo) because, as: non posso usare l'auto perché ha una gomma a terra, I can't use the car, because it's got a flat tyre; copritevi perché fa freddo, wrap up well, because it's cold; dovete salire a piedi perché l'ascensore non funziona, you'll have to walk up, as the lift isn't working; non ho potuto parlargli perché era occupato, I wasn't able to talk to him, as he was busy; ''Perché sei così in ritardo?'' ''Perché c'era molto traffico'', ''Why are you so late?'' ''Because there was a lot of traffic'' // ''Perché vuoi proprio vedere quel film?'' ''Perché sì'', (fam.) ''Why are you so keen to see that film?'' ''Because I am''; ''Perché non vuoi parlargli?'' ''Perché no'', (fam.) ''Why won't you speak to him?'' ''Because I don't want to''
    2 ( con valore finale) so (that), in order that; so as (+ inf.): te lo dico perché ti sappia regolare, I'm telling you so that you'll know what to do; parlò a voce alta perché tutti lo sentissero, he spoke up so (that) everyone could hear him (o in order that everyone should hear him); accettai il loro invito perché non si offendessero, I accepted their invitation so as not to offend them // mi rivolsi a lui perché mi aiutasse, I turned to him for help
    3 (con valore consec., in correlazione con troppo) for; to: è troppo difficile perché tu lo possa capire, it's too hard for you to understand; è troppo furbo perché qualcuno possa imbrogliarlo, he's too crafty (o clever) to be fooled (o for anyone to fool him)
    pron.rel. ( per cui) why: ecco la ragione perché mi piace vivere in campagna, that's why I like living in the country
    s.m.invar.
    1 ( motivo) (the reason) why: è molto irritato ma non so il perché, he's very annoyed, but I don't know (the reason) why; ecco il perché della sua partenza improvvisa, that's why he left so suddenly; volete sapere il perché?, do you want to know why?; l'ho fatto senza un ( vero) perché, I did it without any particular reason; a tutto c'è un perché, there's a reason for everything // il perché e il percome, the why (s) and the wherefore (s)
    2 ( interrogativo, dubbio) question: a certi perché non esiste risposta, there are some questions that can't be answered // essere nell'età dei perché, to be at the questioning stage.
    * * *
    [per'ke]
    1. avv
    2. cong
    1) (causale: poiché) because
    2) (finale: affinché) so (that), in order that
    3)

    (consecutivo: cosicché) l'ostacolo era troppo alto perché si potesse scavalcarlo — the obstacle was too high to climb over

    3. sm inv
    (motivo) reason
    * * *
    [per'ke] 1.

    perché non andare a Venezia?what o how about going to Venice?

    2.
    1) (poiché) because, since, as

    "perché non mi hai telefonato?" - "perché no!" — "why haven't you phoned me?" - "because I haven't, that's why!"

    2) (affinché) so that

    insistere perché qcn. faccia — to insist on sb. doing

    3.
    sostantivo maschile invariabile
    * * *
    perché
    /per'ke/
    Perché si usa innanzitutto nelle interrogative dirette e indirette; si ricordi che in inglese queste ultime, diversamente dalle prime, non richiedono l'uso dell'ausiliare e l'inversione soggetto / ausiliare: perché l'ha buttata via? = why did he throw it away? non so perché l'abbia buttata via = I don't know why he threw it away. - Nelle risposte si usa invece because, che è anche usato con valore causale (= poiché, siccome) accanto a since o as: è già andata a dormire, perché domani si deve alzare alle 5 = she's already gone to bed, because / since / as tomorrow she has to get up at 5. Quando è usato con valore causale, because non può stare all'inizio della frase: l'esempio precedente può essere riformulato solo come since / as tomorrow..., she's already gone to bed. - Per gli altri usi di perché, si veda la voce qui sotto.
      (in interrogazioni dirette e indirette) why; perché mai? why on earth? perché no? why not? perché non andare a Venezia? what o how about going to Venice? perché ridi? why are you laughing? dimmi perché tell me why; mi domando perché I wonder why
     1 (poiché) because, since, as; faccio questo lavoro perché mi piace I do this job because I like it; "perché non mi hai telefonato?" - "perché no!" "why haven't you phoned me?" - "because I haven't, that's why!"
     2 (affinché) so that; insistere perché qcn. faccia to insist on sb. doing; ti faccio una piantina perché tu non ti perda I'll draw you a map so (that) you won't get lost
     3 (tanto da) l'acqua è troppo fredda perché si possa fare il bagno the water is too cold to have a swim; è troppo tardi perché tu possa correre ai ripari it's too late for you to take measures now
    III m. inv
      il perché e il percome the whys and (the) wherefores; senza un perché without a reason; non posso rispondere a tutti i perché I cannot go into all the whys and wherefores.

    Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > perché

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